Bridging British Education Virtual Academy 伦桥国际教育

Review of Market Failure: Asymmetric Information and Inflation 市场失灵复习：信息不对称与通货膨胀

1. Course Basic Information 1. 课程基本信息

Course Name: A level Economics 课程名称： A Level 经济学

Topic: Asymmetric Information and Inflation/Deflation 主题： 信息不对称与通货膨胀/通货紧缩

Date: Undetermined 日期： 未确定

Student: Undetermined 学生： Undetermined

Teaching Focus 教学重点

Reviewing definitions and applications of Asymmetric Information (Health and Tobacco markets) and clarifying concepts of Inflation, Disinflation, and Deflation.

复习信息不对称的定义及其在医疗和烟草市场中的应用，并澄清通货膨胀、通货减速（Disinflation）和通货紧缩的概念。

Teaching Objectives 教学目标

To define and explain asymmetric information and its link to market failure. 定义并解释信息不对称及其与市场失灵的联系。
To define and differentiate between Inflation, Disinflation, and Deflation. 定义并区分通货膨胀、通货减速和通货紧缩。
To apply concepts to essay-style questions (e.g., health provision, tobacco market). 将概念应用于论述题（例如医疗服务、烟草市场）。

2. Course Content Overview 2. 课程内容概览

Main Teaching Activities and Time Allocation 主要教学活动和时间分配

Review of Asymmetric Information Definition: Recap of asymmetric information vs. symmetric information, linking to irrational decisions.

信息不对称定义回顾： 回顾信息不对称与对称信息，以及与非理性决策的联系。

Application: Health Provision Market Failure: Discussion on information asymmetry between doctors/patients and insurers/patients (adverse selection).

应用：医疗服务市场失灵： 讨论医生/患者和保险公司/患者之间的信息不对称（逆向选择）。

Application: Tobacco Market Analysis: Analyzing how advertising bans and public health campaigns reduce information asymmetry regarding negative externalities.

应用：烟草市场分析： 分析广告禁令和公共卫生运动如何减少关于负外部性的信息不对称。

Transition to Output Gap (Briefly): Briefly revisiting the output gap concept and graph from a previous lesson.

过渡到产出缺口（简要）： 简要回顾前一课中的产出缺口概念和图表。

Review of Inflation, Disinflation, Deflation: Defining and distinguishing Inflation, Disinflation (slowing positive inflation), and Deflation (negative inflation).

通货膨胀、通货减速、通货紧缩复习： 定义并区分通货膨胀、通货减速（正通胀放缓）和通货紧缩（负通胀）。

Causes of Inflation and Price Level Definition: Discussing demand-pull and cost-push inflation, student humorously attributing causes to famous figures, and clarifying price level definition.

通货膨胀的原因和价格水平定义： 讨论需求拉动和成本推动型通货膨胀，学生幽默地将原因归咎于名人，并澄清价格水平的定义。

Deflation Cause Identification: Identifying falling oil prices as a cause of deflation (cost reduction).

识别通货紧缩的原因： 将原油价格下跌识别为通货紧缩的原因（成本下降）。

Language Knowledge and Skills 语言知识与技能

Vocabulary:
Asymmetric information, Symmetric information, Market failure, Rational decisions, Health provision, Private health insurance, Adverse selection, Externalities, Tobacco market, Public health campaigns, Inflation, Deflation, Disinflation, Price level, Demand-pull inflation, Cost-push inflation, Output gap, Trend output, Real GDP.

词汇：
信息不对称，对称信息，市场失灵，理性决策，医疗服务，私人医疗保险，逆向选择，外部性，烟草市场，公共卫生运动，通货膨胀，通货紧缩，通货减速，价格水平，需求拉动型通货膨胀，成本推动型通货膨胀，产出缺口，趋势产出，实际GDP。

Concepts:
Information Gap, Moral Hazard (implied in health insurance), Adverse Selection (in insurance pricing), Negative Externalities (smoking), Causes of Inflation (AD/AS application), Difference between Disinflation and Deflation.

概念：
信息鸿沟，道德风险（在医疗保险中暗示），逆向选择（在保险定价中），负外部性（吸烟），通货膨胀的原因（AD/AS应用），通货减速与通货紧缩的区别。

Skills Practiced:
Defining economic terms, Explaining theoretical applications to real-world scenarios (essay structure), Differentiating related macroeconomic concepts, Diagrammatic reasoning (briefly for Output Gap).

练习技能：
定义经济术语，将理论应用于现实场景（论述题结构），区分相关的宏观经济概念，图表推理（针对产出缺口）。

Teaching Resources and Materials 教学资源与材料

Specific A-Level Economics exam-style question on Asymmetric Information in the Health Sector. 关于医疗行业信息不对称的A-Level经济学考试风格问题。
Case study/extract regarding tobacco advertising bans and public health campaigns. 关于烟草广告禁令和公共卫生运动的案例研究/摘录。
Comparison material distinguishing Inflation, Disinflation, and Deflation. 区分通货膨胀、通货减速和通货紧缩的比较材料。

3. Student Performance Assessment (Undetermined) 3. 学生表现评估 (Undetermined)

Participation and Activeness 参与度和积极性

Student was highly engaged, actively recalling definitions and attempting to apply concepts to the context provided. 学生参与度高，积极回忆定义并尝试将概念应用于所提供的背景中。
Student demonstrated strong recall during the final section on inflation/deflation. 在关于通货膨胀/紧缩的最后部分，学生表现出很强的记忆力。

Language Comprehension and Mastery 语言理解和掌握

Strong understanding of asymmetric information in insurance markets (patient knows more). 对保险市场中信息不对称有深刻理解（患者知情更多）。
Excellent grasp of the difference between disinflation and deflation. 对通货减速和通货紧缩的区别有很好的掌握。
Slight confusion when differentiating between the 'doctor knows more' and 'patient knows more' scenarios initially, but resolved quickly. 最初在区分‘医生知情更多’和‘患者知情更多’的情景时略有困惑，但很快解决。

Language Output Ability 语言输出能力

Oral: 口语：

Fluency is good, though the student sometimes uses filler words or pauses while searching for precise terminology. 流利度良好，尽管学生在寻找精确术语时有时会使用填充词或停顿。
Student occasionally made slight grammatical errors when explaining complex causal links (e.g., negative externalities). 学生在解释复杂因果关系（如负外部性）时偶尔出现轻微的语法错误。

Written: 书面：

N/A (Focus was on verbal discussion and application review)

不适用（重点是口头讨论和应用复习）

Student's Strengths 学生的优势

Ability to correctly define complex terms like Disinflation vs. Deflation accurately. 能够准确定义如通货减速与通货紧缩等复杂术语。
Demonstrated good economic reasoning when discussing negative externalities of smoking (social cost > private cost). 在讨论吸烟的负外部性（社会成本>私人成本）时，展示了良好的经济推理能力。
Shows persistence in recalling and applying economic models, even when fatigued or distracted by off-topic discussions. 表现出持续回忆和应用经济模型的毅力，即使在疲劳或被离题讨论分心时也是如此。

Areas for Improvement 需要改进的方面

Needs to focus on grounding explanations in standard economic terminology rather than relying on memorized examples/personalities (e.g., linking cost-push only to Elon Musk/Trump). 需要专注于用标准经济术语来论证解释，而不是过度依赖记忆的例子/名人（例如，将成本推动型通胀只与马斯克/特朗普联系起来）。
Ensure definitions avoid circularity (e.g., defining price level using 'price' or 'charging'). 确保定义避免循环论证（例如，用‘价格’或‘收费’来定义价格水平）。

4. Teaching Reflection 4. 教学反思

Effectiveness of Teaching Methods 教学方法的有效性

Highly effective in revisiting past complex topics (Asymmetric Information) via targeted application questions. 通过有针对性的应用题，在回顾过去复杂主题（信息不对称）方面非常有效。
Successfully redirected the conversation back to core concepts when students introduced tangential topics (e.g., physics exam struggles). 在学生引入离题话题时（例如物理考试的挣扎），成功地将对话引导回核心概念。

Teaching Pace and Time Management 教学节奏和时间管理

The pace was mostly appropriate, covering two major topics, though there were some significant time losses due to off-topic conversation. 节奏基本适中，涵盖了两个主要主题，尽管由于离题对话造成了一些明显的时间损失。
The teacher managed to finish the essential content (Inflation/Deflation intro) with minutes to spare. 老师在最后几分钟内成功完成了基本内容（通货膨胀/紧缩介绍）。

Classroom Interaction and Atmosphere 课堂互动和氛围

The atmosphere was relaxed, encouraging, and at times humorous, largely driven by the student's open personality and the teacher's supportive engagement.

课堂氛围轻松、鼓励，有时充满幽默感，这主要得益于学生的开朗个性和老师的支持性互动。

Achievement of Teaching Objectives 教学目标的达成

Objectives related to defining and applying asymmetric information were substantially met. 关于定义和应用信息不对称的目标得到了实质性的实现。
Objectives related to inflation concepts were met, with definitions clarified for the next stage of practice. 关于通货膨胀概念的目标已达成，定义已澄清，为下一阶段的练习做好了准备。

5. Subsequent Teaching Suggestions 5. 后续教学建议

Teaching Strengths 教学优势

Identified Strengths: 识别的优势：

Effective in prompting the student to articulate the nuances of market failure scenarios. 在引导学生阐述市场失灵情景的细微差别方面非常有效。
Skillfully navigated sensitive off-topic discussions while ensuring learning focus was maintained. 熟练地引导了敏感的离题讨论，同时确保学习重点得以保持。

Effective Methods: 有效方法：

Using direct comparison questions to test conceptual differentiation (e.g., Inflation vs. Disinflation vs. Deflation). 使用直接比较问题来检验概念区分（例如，通货膨胀与通货减速与通货紧缩）。
Presenting essay extracts/questions early in the segment to frame the theoretical discussion. 在讨论开始时展示论述题摘录/问题，为理论讨论设定框架。

Positive Feedback: 正面反馈：

Excellent handling of the student's insightful connection between health care externalities and long-term economic costs. 对学生将医疗外部性与长期经济成本联系起来的深刻见解处理得非常好。

Next Teaching Focus 下一步教学重点

Conduct a full practice run using the essay question on 'Indirect Tax' or 'Aggregate Demand/Supply'. 使用关于‘间接税’或‘总需求/总供给’的论述题进行一次完整的练习。
Review the relationship between fiscal/monetary policies and managing inflation/deflation. 复习财政/货币政策与管理通货膨胀/紧缩之间的关系。

Specific Suggestions for Student's Needs 针对学生需求的具体建议

Speaking & Communication: 口语与交流：

Focus on using precise economic terminology consistently when answering essay-style questions, minimizing reliance on personal examples/names for causes. 回答论述题时，侧重于使用精确的经济术语，尽量减少对个人例子/人名的依赖来解释原因。

Macroeconomic Concepts: 宏观经济概念：

Practice clearly articulating the relationship between falling oil prices (cost-push factor) and the resulting deflationary pressure. 练习清晰阐述原油价格下跌（成本推动因素）与由此产生的通货紧缩压力之间的关系。

Time Management: 时间管理：

Try to manage tangential conversations more quickly to ensure all planned topics (like Output Gap or other micro/macro areas) are covered adequately. 尝试更快地控制离题对话，以确保所有计划的主题（如产出缺口或其他微观/宏观领域）得到充分涵盖。

Recommended Supplementary Learning Resources or Homework 推荐的补充学习资源或家庭作业

Review definitions of Inflation, Disinflation, and Deflation. Ensure you can draw and label the AD/AS diagram illustrating a shift that causes cost-push inflation. 复习通货膨胀、通货减速和通货紧缩的定义。确保能够绘制和标记AD/AS图表，说明导致成本推动型通货膨胀的转变。