Bridging British Education Virtual Academy

1. Course Basic Information 1. 课程基本信息

Course Name: A level Physics 课程名称： A-Level 物理

Topic: Internal Resistance and Potential Dividers 主题： 内阻与电势分配器

Date: December 15th 日期： 12月15日

Student: Jackson 学生： Jackson

Teaching Focus 教学重点

Reviewing challenging concepts: Internal Resistance and Potential Dividers, applying related circuit laws (Kirchhoff's Laws).

复习具有挑战性的概念：内阻和分压器，并应用相关的电路定律（基尔霍夫定律）。

Teaching Objectives 教学目标

Review the concept and formula for internal resistance (e.g., E = IR + Ir). 复习内阻的概念和公式（例如：E = IR + Ir）。
Practice applying Kirchhoff's First and Second Laws to circuit analysis. 练习应用基尔霍夫第一和第二定律进行电路分析。
Master the potential divider formula (V_out = R2 / (R1 + R2) * V_in) and its application to fixed and variable resistors (thermistors). 掌握分压器公式（V_out = R2 / (R1 + R2) * V_in）及其在固定电阻和可变电阻（热敏电阻）中的应用。

2. Course Content Overview 2. 课程内容概览

Main Teaching Activities and Time Allocation 主要教学活动和时间分配

Introduction to Internal Resistance: Defining internal resistance (little r) and EMF (E). Deriving and applying the equation E = IR + Ir based on the conservation of energy.

内阻介绍： 定义内阻（r）和电动势（E）。基于能量守恒推导并应用公式 E = IR + Ir。

Kirchhoff's Laws Application: Reviewing Kirchhoff's First Law (junction rule) and Second Law (loop rule). Example calculation using the loop rule.

基尔霍夫定律应用： 复习基尔霍夫第一定律（节点定律）和第二定律（回路定律）。使用回路定律进行示例计算。

Potential Divider Circuits (Basic): Introduction to potential dividers. Deriving and using the ratio formula V2/V1 = R2/R1. Worked examples with fixed resistors.

分压器电路（基础）： 介绍分压器。推导并使用比例公式 V2/V1 = R2/R1。使用固定电阻的示例计算。

Potential Dividers with Variable Components: Applying potential dividers to thermistors (temperature dependence). Calculating voltage ranges for zero/max resistance scenarios.

含可变元件的分压器： 将分压器应用于热敏电阻（温度依赖性）。计算零/最大电阻情况下的电压范围。

Practice Problems and Next Steps: Working through practice problems on potential dividers and circuit current calculations. Planning for future past paper review.

练习题与后续步骤： 完成分压器和电路电流计算的练习题。计划后续的试卷回顾。

Language Knowledge and Skills 语言知识与技能

Vocabulary:
Internal resistance, EMF, potential divider, thermistor, junction, loop, open circuit voltage, series, parallel.

词汇：
内阻, 电动势 (EMF), 分压器, 热敏电阻, 节点, 回路, 开路电压, 串联, 并联。

Concepts:
Conservation of Energy in circuits (E = V_external + V_internal), Kirchhoff's Current Law, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, Voltage division ratio.

概念：
电路中的能量守恒 (E = V_external + V_internal), 基尔霍夫电流定律, 基尔霍夫电压定律, 电压分压比。

Skills Practiced:
Formula derivation, numerical substitution, circuit analysis using Kirchhoff's laws, interpreting resistance changes in thermistors.

练习技能：
公式推导, 数值代入, 使用基尔霍夫定律进行电路分析, 理解热敏电阻的电阻变化。

Teaching Resources and Materials 教学资源与材料

Teacher's demonstration/notes on internal resistance equation. 教师关于内阻方程的演示/笔记。
Textbook examples/problems related to potential dividers. 与分压器相关的课本示例/习题。

3. Student Performance Assessment (Jackson) 3. 学生表现评估 (Jackson)

Participation and Activeness 参与度和积极性

Student was generally focused, responding well to direct questions about formulas and basic concepts. 学生总体上很专注，对关于公式和基本概念的直接提问反应良好。
Showed significant effort in applying multi-step calculations during the parallel circuit current division section. 在并行电路电流分配部分，在应用多步计算时表现出显著的努力。

Language Comprehension and Mastery 语言理解和掌握

Strong understanding of the potential divider ratio V_out = R2 / (R1 + R2) * V_in, demonstrated by correct calculations in multiple scenarios. 对分压器比例公式 V_out = R2 / (R1 + R2) * V_in 有深刻理解，通过在多种场景下的正确计算得到证明。
Slight hesitation/confusion when calculating total resistance for complex parallel/series combinations, requiring teacher guidance. 在计算复杂并联/串联组合的总电阻时略有犹豫/困惑，需要教师指导。

Language Output Ability 语言输出能力

Oral: 口语：

Clear articulation of physics terms when prompted, though response speed varied. 被提示时能清晰地表达物理术语，但反应速度有所不同。
Student attempted to explain the logic behind current division in the complex circuit but mixed up voltage and current concepts briefly. 学生试图解释复杂电路中电流分配的逻辑，但短暂地混淆了电压和电流概念。

Written: 书面：

N/A (Assessment based on real-time problem solving during the session).

不适用（评估基于课程期间的实时问题解决）。

Student's Strengths 学生的优势

Proficient in using the potential divider output voltage formula quickly and accurately. 熟练地快速准确地使用分压器输出电压公式。
Good grasp of the physical meaning of EMF being related to open-circuit voltage. 很好地掌握了电动势与开路电压相关的物理意义。

Areas for Improvement 需要改进的方面

Consistency in complex circuit analysis, particularly when calculating total resistance for mixed parallel/series arrangements. 复杂电路分析的一致性，特别是在计算混合并联/串联排列的总电阻时。
Ensuring systematic application of Kirchhoff's laws rather than relying on intuitive current splitting ratios. 确保系统地应用基尔霍夫定律，而不是依赖直觉的电流分配比例。

4. Teaching Reflection 4. 教学反思

Effectiveness of Teaching Methods 教学方法的有效性

The focused review on the two most challenging topics (internal resistance and potential dividers) was highly targeted. 对两个最具挑战性主题（内阻和分压器）的集中复习非常具有针对性。
The step-by-step breakdown of the potential divider equation, especially with variable resistors, was effective. 分压器方程的逐步分解，特别是涉及可变电阻的部分，非常有效。

Teaching Pace and Time Management 教学节奏和时间管理

The pace was slightly fast during the application of Kirchhoff's laws but slowed down appropriately for the potential divider core content. 基尔霍夫定律应用部分节奏稍快，但在分压器核心内容上节奏放慢得当。
The transition between concepts was smooth, ensuring all parts of the intended material were covered. 概念之间的过渡很流畅，确保了所计划材料的所有部分都得到了涵盖。

Classroom Interaction and Atmosphere 课堂互动和氛围

Engaging and focused, with the teacher actively guiding the student through complex derivations and problem-solving steps.

投入且专注，教师积极引导学生完成复杂的推导和问题解决步骤。

Achievement of Teaching Objectives 教学目标的达成

The primary objectives regarding internal resistance formulas and potential divider application were largely met through active problem-solving. 关于内阻公式和分压器应用的主要目标通过积极的问题解决得到了很大程度的实现。

5. Subsequent Teaching Suggestions 5. 后续教学建议

Teaching Strengths 教学优势

Identified Strengths: 识别的优势：

Expertly identified the two most common pitfalls for students (internal resistance and potential dividers) and prioritized them. 专家般地识别了学生最常遇到的两个难点（内阻和分压器）并优先处理。
Effective use of worked examples moving from basic application to complex scenarios (thermistors, range calculation). 有效地使用了示例题，从基本应用逐步过渡到复杂场景（热敏电阻、范围计算）。

Effective Methods: 有效方法：

Constantly checking for understanding by asking the student to verbally explain the logic or perform the next step in calculation. 通过要求学生口头解释逻辑或执行下一步计算，持续检验理解程度。
Clear visual organization when explaining the potential divider ratio derivation (R1 vs R2 placement). 在解释分压器比例推导时（R1与R2的位置），有清晰的视觉组织。

Positive Feedback: 正面反馈：

Positive reinforcement provided immediately after correct calculations, boosting confidence. 在正确计算后立即给予积极的强化，增强了信心。

Next Teaching Focus 下一步教学重点

In-depth practice using past paper questions specifically targeting Internal Resistance and Potential Dividers to consolidate understanding. 深入练习针对内阻和分压器的历年试题，以巩固理解。

Specific Suggestions for Student's Needs 针对学生需求的具体建议

Circuit Calculation Mastery: 电路计算精通：

Systematically review methods for finding total equivalent resistance in complex mixed circuits before calculating current. 在计算总电流之前，系统地复习如何计算复杂混合电路中的总等效电阻。

Conceptual Clarity: 概念清晰度：

Practice articulating the difference between EMF (open circuit voltage) and terminal p.d. under load. 练习阐述电动势（开路电压）与负载下端电压的区别。

Recommended Supplementary Learning Resources or Homework 推荐的补充学习资源或家庭作业

Complete the remaining dedicated past paper questions identified in class focusing on electricity section. 完成课堂上确定的剩余的、专门针对电学部分的历年试题。
Review notes on the derivation of E = IR + Ir and its relationship to energy conservation. 复习关于 E = IR + Ir 推导及其与能量守恒关系的笔记。