Bridging British Education Virtual Academy

1. Course Basic Information 1. 课程基本信息

Course Name: Alevel Physics 课程名称： Alevel 物理

Topic: Electrical Circuits: Equations, Internal Resistance, Potential Dividers, and Power 主题： 电路：公式、内阻、分压器和功率

Date: December 14 日期： 12月14日

Student: Jackson 学生： Jackson

Teaching Focus 教学重点

Review of fundamental circuit equations, detailed explanation of EMF, internal resistance, potential dividers (including potentiometers), and introduction to electrical power calculations.

复习基础电路方程，详细解释电动势（EMF）、内阻、分压器（包括电位器）以及引入电功率计算。

Teaching Objectives 教学目标

To check the student's recall of fundamental circuit equations (I=Q/t, I=nvqA, P=IV, V=IR, R=ρL/A). 检验学生对基本电路方程（I=Q/t, I=nvqA, P=IV, V=IR, R=ρL/A）的记忆情况。
To explain the concepts of Electromotive Force (EMF), potential difference, and voltage drop due to internal resistance. 解释电动势（EMF）、电势差以及内阻引起的电压降的概念。
To introduce and analyze potential divider circuits and potentiometers, including deriving the output voltage formula. 介绍和分析分压器电路和电位器，包括推导输出电压公式。
To introduce the concept of electrical power, power loss (P=I²R), and energy conversion. 介绍电功率的概念、功率损耗（P=I²R）和能量转换。

2. Course Content Overview 2. 课程内容概览

Main Teaching Activities and Time Allocation 主要教学活动和时间分配

Equation Revision Quiz: Teacher checked student's memory of equations like I=Q/t, drift velocity equation, E=IVt, and Ohm's law, including the meaning of 'ρ' (resistivity).

公式复习问答： 老师检查了学生对I=Q/t、漂移速度方程、E=IVt和欧姆定律等方程的记忆，包括'ρ'（电阻率）的含义。

EMF, Terminal PD, and Internal Resistance: Detailed explanation of EMF vs terminal PD, voltage drop (lost volts), and the derivation of EMF = I(R+r). Introduction to measuring internal resistance using V = -Ir + EMF (Y=mX+C method).

电动势、端电压和内阻： 详细解释了电动势与端电压、电压降（损耗电压）的区别，以及电动势=I(R+r)的推导。介绍了使用V = -Ir + EMF（Y=mX+C法）测量内阻的方法。

Potential Dividers and Potentiometers: Explanation of potential divider circuits (using fixed resistors or sensors like LDRs/thermistors) and the potentiometer for comparing EMFs. Calculation example provided.

分压器和电位器： 解释了分压器电路（使用固定电阻或传感器如LDR/热敏电阻）和电位器用于比较电动势。提供了计算示例。

Electrical Power and Energy Conversion: Introduction to Power (P=IV, P=W/t), power loss (P=I²R), and energy calculation. Worked through application problems involving charge, energy, and power.

电功率和能量转换： 引入了功率（P=IV, P=W/t）、功率损耗（P=I²R）和能量计算。通过练习题处理了涉及电荷、能量和功率的应用题。

Past Paper Practice Assignment: Assigned Jackson to complete all electricity-related multiple-choice and long-answer questions from the June 2019 Paper 1 set.

往年试卷练习布置： 布置任务要求Jackson完成2019年6月试卷1中所有与电学相关的选择题和长题。

Language Knowledge and Skills 语言知识与技能

Vocabulary:
Drift velocity, Resistivity (ρ), Electromotive Force (EMF), Terminal Potential Difference (PD), Lost Volts, Internal Resistance (r), Variable Resistor, Rheostat, Potential Divider, Potentiometer, Thermistor, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), Power, Kilowatt-hour (kWh).

词汇：
漂移速度, 电阻率 (ρ), 电动势 (EMF), 端子电势差 (PD), 损耗电压, 内阻 (r), 可变电阻器, 变阻器, 分压器, 电位器, 热敏电阻, 光敏电阻 (LDR), 功率, 千瓦时 (kWh)。

Concepts:
Relationship between I, Q, t; Relationship between V, I, R; EMF vs Terminal PD; V=IR (external) and E=I(R+r); Gradient of V-I graph gives -r; Potential Divider ratio rule; Power loss P=I²R; Energy = Power x Time.

概念：
I, Q, t之间的关系；V, I, R之间的关系；电动势与端电压的区别；E=I(R+r)和V=IR（外部）；V-I图的斜率给出-r；分压器比例规则；功率损耗P=I²R；能量=功率 x 时间。

Skills Practiced:
Application of physics formulas, graphical analysis (V-I graph for internal resistance), algebraic manipulation (rearranging circuit equations), unit analysis (SI base units), problem-solving in circuit analysis.

练习技能：
物理公式应用，图形分析（用于内阻的V-I图），代数运算（重新排列电路方程），单位分析（SI基本单位），电路分析中的问题解决。

Teaching Resources and Materials 教学资源与材料

Whiteboard/Digital writing for derivations and examples. 白板/数字书写用于推导和示例。
Reference to A-Level examination question structure. 参考A-Level考试题型结构。

3. Student Performance Assessment (Jackson) 3. 学生表现评估 (Jackson)

Participation and Activeness 参与度和积极性

Jackson actively participated in the initial equation recall session, correctly identifying most terms. Jackson积极参与了初步的公式回忆环节，正确识别了大部分术语。
Showed good engagement during concept explanations, especially when analyzing the V=mX+c representation. 在概念解释过程中表现出良好的参与度，尤其是在分析V=mX+c表示法时。

Language Comprehension and Mastery 语言理解和掌握

Demonstrated solid understanding of basic equations. Comprehension of the link between EMF, internal resistance, and the V-I graph gradient was strong. 展示了对基本方程的扎实理解。对电动势、内阻与V-I图斜率之间联系的理解很强。
Understood the mechanism of potential dividers, though required prompt clarification on the output voltage formula application. 理解了分压器的工作原理，但在输出电压公式的应用上需要及时澄清。

Language Output Ability 语言输出能力

Oral: 口语：

Responses were clear and direct when answering specific recall questions. 在回答具体的回忆问题时，反应清晰直接。
Maintained a good flow when explaining concepts like power conversion and efficiency. 在解释功率转换和效率等概念时，保持了良好的连贯性。

Written: 书面：

N/A (Session focused on verbal recall and conceptual examples).

不适用（课程重点在于口头回忆和概念示例）。

Student's Strengths 学生的优势

Strong recall of fundamental circuit laws and definitions (e.g., SI base units derivation). 对基本电路定律和定义（例如，SI基本单位推导）的记忆力强。
Quickly grasped the relationship between power loss and current squared (P=I²R). 快速掌握了功率损耗与电流平方（P=I²R）之间的关系。
Showed application ability by correctly solving the numerical problems presented during the lesson. 通过正确解决课程中提出的数值问题展示了应用能力。

Areas for Improvement 需要改进的方面

Slight hesitation when applying the potential divider formula initially, indicating a need for more repetitive practice with variable components. 最初在应用分压器公式时略有犹豫，表明需要对包含可变元件的电路进行更多重复练习。
Needs further consolidation on the derivation and complete understanding of the base units for derived quantities like resistance. 需要进一步巩固电阻等导出量的基本单位的推导和完全理解。

4. Teaching Reflection 4. 教学反思

Effectiveness of Teaching Methods 教学方法的有效性

The revision segment was highly effective in solidifying prior knowledge. 复习环节非常有效地巩固了先前的知识。
The use of the V=mX+c analogy to explain the internal resistance experiment setup was very helpful for conceptualization. 使用V=mX+c类比来解释内阻实验装置，对概念化非常有帮助。

Teaching Pace and Time Management 教学节奏和时间管理

The pace was appropriate for covering a large amount of material, moving quickly through revision but slowing down for complex new topics (Internal Resistance, Potentiometers). 课程节奏适中，能够涵盖大量材料，复习部分快速推进，但在复杂的新主题（内阻、电位器）上放慢了速度。

Classroom Interaction and Atmosphere 课堂互动和氛围

Interactive and focused, with the teacher consistently checking for understanding through direct questioning.

互动性强且专注，老师通过直接提问持续检查理解情况。

Achievement of Teaching Objectives 教学目标的达成

All initial objectives regarding equation recall and introduction to new topics (Internal Resistance, Power) were met. 所有关于公式回忆和新主题（内阻、功率）介绍的初步目标都已达成。

5. Subsequent Teaching Suggestions 5. 后续教学建议

Teaching Strengths 教学优势

Identified Strengths: 识别的优势：

Effective scaffolding: Starting with quick recall to build confidence before introducing complex concepts like EMF vs PD. 有效的脚手架式教学：在引入电动势与电势差等复杂概念之前，从快速回忆开始建立信心。
Strong use of comparative and context-based explanations (e.g., comparing 60W vs 100W bulbs for understanding power). 有效运用了比较和基于情境的解释（例如，比较60W和100W灯泡以理解功率）。

Effective Methods: 有效方法：

Explicitly mapping V = -Ir + EMF onto the Y = mX + C linear equation structure to derive internal resistance. 明确地将V = -Ir + EMF映射到Y = mX + C线性方程结构，以推导内阻。
Connecting abstract concepts (like lost volts) to physical reality (heating inside the power supply). 将抽象概念（如损耗电压）与物理现实（电源内部发热）联系起来。

Positive Feedback: 正面反馈：

Student confirmed that the teaching methods helped clarify the differentiation between EMF and terminal PD. 学生确认教学方法有助于澄清电动势和端电压之间的区别。

Next Teaching Focus 下一步教学重点

In-depth review and application of the potentiometer method for comparing EMFs. 深入复习和应用电位器比较电动势的方法。
Applying derived concepts (Internal Resistance, Potential Dividers) to complex, multi-part exam questions. 将导出的概念（内阻、分压器）应用于复杂的多部分考试题目中。

Specific Suggestions for Student's Needs 针对学生需求的具体建议

Circuit Analysis & Application: 电路分析与应用：

Practice more numerical problems involving the potential divider formula, focusing on scenarios where sensors (LDR/Thermistor) replace one of the fixed resistors. 练习更多涉及分压器公式的数值问题，重点关注传感器（LDR/热敏电阻）替代其中一个固定电阻的场景。
Review the step-by-step derivation of the SI base units for resistance (R=V/I) to ensure complete mastery beyond rote memorization. 回顾电阻的SI基本单位的逐步推导（R=V/I），确保在死记硬背之外完全掌握。

Exam Technique: 应试技巧：

Focus revision on past paper questions assigned (June 2019 Electricity section) to understand expected depth and terminology. 将复习重点放在已布置的往年试题上（2019年6月试卷1的电学部分），以了解预期的深度和术语。

Recommended Supplementary Learning Resources or Homework 推荐的补充学习资源或家庭作业

Complete all electricity questions (MCQs and long answers) from the June 2019 Paper 1 exam booklet. 完成2019年6月试卷1中学到的所有电学题目（选择题和长题）。
Reread notes on Power and Efficiency, focusing on the distinction between useful power and total power drawn. 重读关于功率和效率的笔记，重点关注有用功率和总供电功率之间的区别。