Hello. Hello. Hello. Are you okay today? I'm okay. So today we're going be having a look, some chemistry. Now there's one thing we're going to have, well, there's multiple things that we're going to have on a look at today, but we're going to be looking at the topic that we refer to as elements, compounds and mixtures, specifically separated in mixtures. Now, now that we've got a really good idea of what elements atoms are and how to read the periodic table and understanding what an atom looks like and what's inside it, we're going to be fine to bigger structures. So how we have different substances in existence that are made up of different types of atoms. So I'm going to start off with a few really important terms in chemistry. Okay, so first of all, an atom. Now this one we should know. We'll talk about this in a then I'm gonna to talk about the word element. Okay, so atom element. So those two you should know that next you you might not so don't worry I'm going to explain them. Then we have compound and then we have mixture. Okay, so atom element, compound and mixture. So the word atom should be familiar because we've talked about it quite a few times over the past few of lessons. So an atom is the smallest particle of matter. So we've looked at atoms of all different elements. Atoms have a set number of protons depending on did you mean to put your hand up very I tly. Well, my. Friend is. I can't. So if it's the iPad that's the problem, I will just not use the iPad. We'll just have to see because sometimes it doesn't like when I share with my iPad. I've had this problem lots of times in the past. So just give me 1s. If it has issue, I'll just not share with the iPad and we'll just have to do the person on the platform on the classplatform. All it's not finding it now, but let's just do it on the screen. Then 1s, let me just upload the images that I was going to use for today's lesson onto my drive and we'll just have to use the class in platform and hopefully it works. And just a second, okay, so as I put on the screen before, there was a few words that we have to know and I mentioned that a couple of them you will already know and a few of them are gonna to be quite new. So we had three, sorry four words out of element, compound and then mixture. Okay, so there are four words atom, element, compound and the mixture. So what I started saying was the word atom is the smallest particle of matter, okay? So an atom is the smallest particle of matter which means the smallest particle of any substance that we can possibly get. And what I was saying before we realized that there was a bit of a disruption, was that when you have an element, each element has its own type of atom. So for example, a carbon atom is different to an oxygen atom. And this is what we've been working on looking at when we've been looking at the different numbers on the periodic table. So we were able to work out how many protons, neutrons and electrons each atom of each element has. So every element is different. The atoms of each element are different. And that's how we can tell which we can work, how many protons the atom has. We can count how many protons the atom has. And then we can figure out, based on our periodic table information, how what element this is. So an element, by definition, is a substance, a pure substance. Okay? So a pure substance that contains only one type of atom. So if you are an element, if something is an element, it can only have one type of atom in it. So let me give you an example. Okay? This is gonna be carbon. I'm gonna make this carbon and I'm gonna to have a pure sample of carbon. So they don't have many atoms. I have they have all got to be carbon atoms, okay? I can't have any other type of atoms. Otherwise this is not referred to as a pure substance. Wcase stoif. My atom is different. So if it doesn't have the same number of protons, then it is no longer an element. It would be something else instead. So this that I've drawn here, this is a sample of pure carbon. There is nothing else there. Okay, we can see that there are only carbon atoms within this sample. Now a compound is where it starts to get a little bit more complex, okay? So a compound is a substance that contains two or more atoms that are chemically combined. Now what this means is we have two or more different types of atoms, but they have to have a bond between them, okay? They have to be joined together. Now, for example, water, okay, you drink water every day. We need water to survive. What do you think water is made of? What elements are inside water? Come say that again. Yeah, which ones though? Which ones? Because we don't see water on the periodic table, but we see the elements that water is made of in the periodic table. Okay, water, for example, okay, is H2O. Did you know that? So water is H2O I, Yeah. So you know, that's good. So inside water, we write water like this capital H with a little tomb and then a big o. So what this tells us, Isabella, is that inside one molecule of water, we have two hydrogens and one oxygen. Okay? So a molecule of water looks like this. Let's do one hysorry, one oxygen in the middle. So here is oxygen, and I'll put a little oin the Rewell. Okay, so that's oxygen. And then on the side, it has two hydrogens. But notice how I'm drawing these two circles as kind of crossing over and touching the oxygen. So the two hydrogens are attached to the oxygen. They have bonds between them. All right? So this is what we call the compound. This is water. H2O is water, but if I move this hydrogen away, okay, so let's say I move that away, that is no longer water. That's ho or Oh, that's something else entirely. So compounds are made up of a set proportion of atoms. So water molecules always have to contain two hydrogens and one oxygen. And that's it, nothing more, nothing less. It has to be exactly H2O. So this is what we refer to as a compound. So now we're starting to make new substances with those pure elements that we've seen on the periodic table. So elements are found on the periodic table, but that doesn't mean that they're the only substances to exist. Remember, on the periodic table, we said there was about 118 different elements. There are way more actual substances. There are thousands of substances because we put together the elements in different ratios to some of the substances are naturally occurring like water. Waters are naturally occurring substances or substances we can make. We can make them in a, for example, so water is a compound because it is consisting of two or more atoms. So hydrogen and oxygen. And by the way, they they have to be different atoms. I'll just add this in here, two or more different atoms. So it can't be lots and lots of the same. It has to be two or more different atoms that are chemically combined. If I was to draw water in a simple seance as well, I would draw a in the middle like this, a straight line either side, and then a hydrogen on each side as well. So what do you think the straight line represents? Say that again. Yeah, but what does the line between them represent, do you think? Like why have I drawn a line between the oxygen and the two hydrogens? It's together. Yes, well done. That shows that they are bonded together. Okay, so the line represents a bond. Now we haven't talked about bonds in our lessons, but have you studied bonds in science at all yet? Yeah, no. Okay, so a bond is what holds atoms together. Okay, now there are a few different types of bond. We are gonna to study bonds because they're very important. But a bond is what holds two atoms together. So if there are many atoms in a compound, you might have multiple bds, because a bond is between two atoms. So there is one bond between the oxygen and one hydrogen. And then as you can see on the other side, there is another bond between the oxygen and the other hydrogen. So when we draw straight lines between the letters in chemistry, that means that we have a bond, okay? So that there is a compound. So you've got an element above, which is just carbon. Carbon. That image that I have drawn here, the one with the pink, that can't be a compound because it only has one type of atom. There's only carbon there. So that is still an element. A compound is where we have two or more different elements. So we can't call it an element anymore because it's not pure. It's not just one type of thing. It is multiple different atoms. And then the mix juis a substance that contains that contains multiple atoms or compounds, multiple elements or compounds, I'll say multiple elements or compounds that are not chemically combined. So it's where we have two or more substances in the same place, but they are not bonded together. A really good example of a mixture is the air around you. Okay, so I'm going to draw a square like this, and this is going to represent a sample of the air around us. Now I know that in the air around me I have oxygen okay so there is oxygen around me. Oxygen is zero two okay so there is oxygen in the air around me so there's an oxygen molecule in the air around me. There is also carbon dioxide because I breathe carbon dioxide out right? Carbon dioxide is a compound because it is made of carbon and oxygen. So I'm gonna to just draw co two here. Okay, so carbon in the middle co two, this is carbon dioxide. So this is c, this is is o and this is o. So that's carbon dioxide. So I have that in the air around me as well. So that's in the we also have nitrogen gas. And two, okay, this is a molecule of nitrogen and gas. There we go. So this is what werefer to as a mixture, because in this sample gas that I've drawn, we have different compounds and different elements, but they are not drawing together. So the nitrogen, which is n two e, is not joined to the oxygen. Oxygen is O2. Carbon dioxide is in there as well. So the carbon dioxide is co O2. So all three of these substances are found in the air around us, but they're not joined to each other. Okay? So you can see here the nitrogen, it's not joined to the oxygen. Oxygen is not joined to the carbon dioxide. So even though they're in the same place, they are not joined together, they're not chemically combined. So this is what we would call a mixture. Now Isabella, a mixture is something that is very easy to separate, okay? So if I would want it to take the nitrogen out, I would do this. I would take out the nitrogen. There we go. It wouldn't be as easy as this in real life. But just for the sake of the diagram, so now I've taken out the nitrogen. Did I have to break any bonds? No, because it wasn't bonded to anything else. Okay, so now I can put the nitrogen back. Now I can put the nitrogen back and I can take the oxygen out. Okay? So I could take the oxygen out. Do I have to break any bonds to take the oxygen out? No, because it's not bonded to anything. So that's what a mixture is. It's where we have multiple different compounds or elements in the same space, but they're not joined together and we can easily separate them. The term easily, I should use a bit loosely. It's not always super easy, but it doesn't involve a chemical reaction. Okay. So let me just add this point in here. So mixtures, mixtures contain multiple elements, compounds or both. Like mine contains elements and compounds, elements, compounds or both. The different substances are not chemically combined and can be easily. Separated from each other. Okay, so mixtures can contain multiple elements. They can easily be separated from each other. The to separate. The substances, a chemical reaction does not need to happen. Okay? So a chemical reaction does not need to happen. So that is the main difference between mixture and compound. So with a compound like water, the elements, the atoms are bonded together. So they're stuck together. If we wanted to pull them apart, we would have to break bonds. So if I wanted to take this hydrogen away from the water molecule, I would have to break that bond, okay? So it would be a much more difficult process, and that would be a chemical reaction. So just to finalize a couple of the things that I've said there. A chemical reaction occurs when bonds, chemical bonds, are broken or made. At the end of a chemical reaction, new substances are formed. So for example, if I took a water molecule, which is H2O, okay, so this here is H2O, otherwise known commonly as water. So H2O, if I was to break that apart, I would be breaking the bonds within the water molecule. Yeah. So I have to break the bonds. So I would pull this hydrogen away. I would break that bond. Okay? So that bond is now broken. I would pull this oxygen away. And this this bis now broken. So what have I got now? Have I got H2O anymore? No, I've got hydrogen and oxygen. So I've got hydrogen and oxygen. They're no longer bonded together. So I've got new substances. So this is a new substance. Has sn't been informed? We don't have water anymore. We have hydrogen and we have oxygen. So that's what a chemical bond does. Now, a physical change occurs when you can separate something or change the state of something, but a new substance isn't formed. So a physical change, because when something, when a substance is separated or changes state, but there is no change to the compounds or elements. So for example, if I was to take a mixture, okay, so if I was to take a mixture in here, I have O2. So I'm just going to write in this time. In here, I have O2, which is oxygen gas. I have n two, which is nitrogen gas. Okay, so I have n two, which is nitrogen gas, and I have co two, which is carbon dioxide. So right now this mixture contains all three of those. If I was to say at the bottom what is inside my mixture, I would say in here have co two, n two and and hold two. Okay? So they're the substances I have inside now I'm going to separate them. Okay? So I'm going pull them away from each other and I'm just going to bring out the oxygen. I'm going to take out the oxygen. Okay. So I now have O2. Here we go. And what I've left behind is my n two and my co O2. Okay, so I've taken the O2 out. So now Jane has occurred, right? The mixture no longer contains oxygen, but what do I have? Well, here I have to. And in here I have n two and co two. So because newnight, I need a new. Well, no, there's no new substances. They've just been separated from each other. Well done. So this is a physical change. Nothing new has been made. I haven't broken any bonombs. I've just moved them around or separated them in this case. Okay, so that's the difference between a chemical change and a physical change. A chemical change or a chemical reaction is where something literally changes. We have the bonds broken or bonds can be made. We can make new substances chemically with new bonds, but a new substance has to be made. So in this case, we went from H2O to H, and I'm sure that's new substances. Whereas a physical change, there is no change to the compounds or the elements. It's just the way that they are, the way that they're arranged or where they are. Okay, so that is a mixture here and it doesn't involve chemical bonds. So what we're going to talk about today is a series of separating techniques. So mixtures can be separated using a number of different techniques depending on what substances are within the mixture. Okay? So whatever substances in your mixture that determines what you're going to separate. Now there are a few words that we need to know here, okay? And I'm going to go through them and you might already know some. First of all, we've got the word soluble. Then we've got the word insoluble, and we've got the word solvent, solute and solution. So these are five really important words for this topdo. You know the meaning of any of those words already. Is there any that you recognize, that you think you could tell me what they mean? Ameans. The result, the. What can we do? Result, baby. And. In. As I don't know, okay, soluble means a substance that will dissolve, a substance that will dissolve usually in water, okay? So for example, what happens to sugar when we put it in water? It's hot water, the sugar melt. Yes. So what you're saying, the word that you're using, they're melting. Just change that to dissolve, okay? Because it doesn't technically melt, because a melt means that it goes from a solid to a liquid, but it dissolves, which means it becomes part of the solution. So it's a very similar concept, Isabella. But just instead of using the word melt going forward, say it dissolves so that the sugar disappears, right? And you can't feel the solid when you drink it, but you can taste the sugar and that means that it's dissolved. So soluble substances will dissolve in water, usually, for example, sugar or salt. Okay, sugar and salt are both soluble. They will dissolve in water. So if you were to guess, what do you think insoluble might mean? Not disved well. So with substance that will not dissolve, can you think of something that if you put it in water, it won't it won't mix in, it won't dissolve? Like. Whatyou say then. Egg Yeah I mean egg is definitely insoluble. You're right. So Yeah you're right. Egg, anything that you can put in water and it doesn't become part of the water. I'm gonna give you a small substance sand. Okay? So if you put sand in water it won't dissolve. So you are right with egg. Good thinking. Egg, pasta, rice, things that we cook in water, they don't dissolve do they? They stay there because they're insoluble. However, we're going to use today because it's a small one. Now, the word solvent, okay, this is where we start building a solution. Solvent is a liquid. I'm just going to put actually the liquid component of a solution that dissolves the solute. So for example, water is always going to be in in these examples I give you, water is going to be your solvent. So the solvent is the liquid that causes the substance to dissolve. So when we're looking at salt water or sugar water, the solvent is the water. Okay? So the solvent is the liquid that causes the substance to dissolve. Now the next word, the solute. This is the soluble substance that dissolves in the solvent. So for example, this would be the sugar or the salt, okay? So the solvent is the water. The solute is the sugar. And together they make a solution. So a solution is a final liquid based substance, the final liquid based substance that is made up of solvent and solute. So let me talk you through an example. Okay, so I am going to draw a glass of water we're going now have some water in here okay so this is water it's going to be warm water then we're going to have a spoon of sugar okay okay so there's my spoon and on my spoon I'm gonna have some sugar okay so there's my sugar now if I mix those two together I'm going get sugar water right so I'm going to end up with sugary water so in the beaker I'm gonna to have the water with sugar in it okay and I will be able to see the solid bits but I'm gonna to put that in there anyway so this here is the water and that is my solvent okay so that is this the thing that does the dissolving so the water is the solvent is the liquid popped that causes the sugar to the dissolve so that's your solvent sugar is going to be your soul ute te so that dissolves okay so sugar is the soute and then when we do mix them together and the sugar dissolves in the water we end up with a solution okay so unfortunately Isabella these words are all very similar they all begin with an s it is difficult to remember them at times but they will get it as we practice more and more okay so water flush sugar give us sugar water and that is our solution okay? So whenever we're creating a solution it has to be a solvent which has to be the liquid part a solute which has to be the soluble solid or the soluble substance and then the solution which is the final result okay? So what I'm gonna to do is I'm gonna to give you depend and I want you to write out, even with some diagrams, if you can write out the process of mixing together warm water and salt to produce salt water, label the solution, the solvent and the solyouth. Okay, so I've given you the ps and you can scroll up and look what I've done with the sugar and the water and you can look at the definitions too. But that's the task. Write out the process of mixing together the warm water and salt to produce salt water. Label the solution, the solvent and the solute. And you don't have to draw anything you can do if you want, but you can also just write it. Hot salt water. Well, it's water that contains salt. So I've given you these three things. You've got salt, warm water, salt, and then salt water. So you've got to think which one is the solvent, which one is the solyou, and which one is the solution? Remember, can you scroll? Are you able to scroll back up using your. You can't Oh, okay, so have a look at this here. Remember these or you can, I cannot Oh, so have a look at these definitions and look at how I put together sugar water. Okay, we're doing something very similar now, but with salt. So you've got to think which one of those substances that I've outlined is gonna to be the soyou. So which one dissolves? Which one's going to be the liquid that dissolves the solute? And then what's going to be the final product? What's going to be the solution at the end? Yeah, okay, I'll scroll down a little bit so we can see the sugar one and then the salt one and tell me when you're ready to scroll down so you can do yours. Just let me know. Okay, Yeah, well done. So that's going to be the reaction. So which one's going to be the solvent? Which one's going to be the solused? I'm going to bring the definitions down because I'm just going to copy this so we can have a bit down there as well. So from what you've said, which one of those is going to be the solvent, which will be the solute and which one will be the solution? Well done. Yeah. You're right. That is soluble. You are right. But the word that we use to describe that part of the solution, it's a different one. Salt is soluble. So it's not wrong. But there's the other word we're looking for. So. Hold up. Perfect. There we go. So soyou. So the solvent is the water because it does the dissolving. Then we have the solute that is soluble. So you are right, for something to be a solute, it has to be soluble. You can't be insoluble. And then you have the solution at the end. Okay, excellent. Right? So let's talk about some separation techniques. So separation techniques, first of all, we're going to use a pretty straightforward technique to separate a mixture of sand and water. So in this, let's see. I don't know if I show you the image, but would be able to see it drato. So in this cup, I'm going to have a mixture of water and sand. Now, is sand soluble or insoluble? Do that again, insoluble. Insoluble, brilliant, because it will not dissolve into the water. So we don't have a solution here. This is the solution. This is just a mixture of sand and water. So a mixture of sand and water, it is not a solution because sand is insoluble. So not a solution and sand is insoluble. So that's where our terminology in this topic matters, Isabella, because that slight term solution, if we said this was a solution, it would be wrong because the sand hasn't dissolved. So if you wanted to get the sand out of the water, what might you do? Now I'm going to go through these with you, but I'm just thinking, if you have any ideas, if I want to get the sand out of the water, what could I do? We can. Use thing looks like this. Yeah like a sieve I think you're talking about there. Well done. So the separation of an insoluble solid from a mixture, this separation technique is called filtration. Okay, well done. So you would use something that has gaps in it that allow the water to PaaS through but that doesn't allow the sun PaaS through. So in this case, when you use filter paper, okay, I'm just gonna to get the image up. I've bloaded them into the drive because obviously I wanted to do this on the ipamajor drive. So filtration is a simple technique. It's really, really, really straightforward. There isn't a great deal to it. All we do is we put filter paper onto a funnel. Hang on one set. This is just loading. So this would be step one. This is your equipment. Okay? So you've got a filter paper, you've got your sand and water mixture. And then what you would do is you would PaaS the mixture through filpaper, as seen in this second diagram. And what's going to happen is the sand is going to stay in the filter paper, but the water passes through the filter paper paper because the water is small to get through the gaps, but the sand isn't so at home. Isabella, can you think of a way you probably use this or your parents will use this when they're cooking? How do we use filtration at home? Can you think of an example of where we use filtration at home? What about if you're cooking pasta or boiling an egg? I don't know if you would use it for an egg because you just take the egg out, but especially pasta or rice or I think they're the two things that are probably small enough to make. So what do we do? To let the water go down. Yeah, exactly. Nice. Yeah, exactly. So we pour usually we pour. I'll show you mine. Actually, I'll just get it one set. So this is an example of at home filtration, okay? This little device here. So when I cook pasta or rice, obviously I pour it onto here, the water comes out the bottom or the pasta of the rice sticks in here. So this is a method of filtration, okay? So even though it's not exactly the same as we do in chemistry at home, it's still a method of filtration because we're separating an insoluble solid from a mixture. We're separating the two and we have the solid in one part of the outcome, the equipment, and then we have the liquid in the other. Okay, so this one is really straightforward. This is called filtration and it's insoluble solid from a mixture. Now what about when we made sugar water? Okay, actually I'm gonna to use salt water as our example, but I'll still use this same diagram. So what if I wanted to separate salt from salt water? Now the problem is salt is soluble. Yeah. So I can't filter it because what would happen if I filtered it? The water will disappear. Well, it would all PaaS through, wouldn't it? Because if I put salt water through here, why would I not be able to collect the salt in here? The water will all go through exactly. The salt is dissolved in the water. So the salt goes through as well. It's part of the water. Yes. So the separation of a soluble solid from a solution. Now in this case, we can use evaporation or what we refer to as crystallization. So what we do here, this is salt water. So I'm going to put salt water in here. So to extract salt from salt water. So if I just wanted the salt, okay, if I'm not bothered about the water, if I just want the salt, here is what I'm going to do. Let me just get my images up. So I'm going to take my saltwater solution and I'm going to heat it up with a Bunson burner. Now why do you think I'm going to do that? Isabella? What's what's going to happen here if I heat it up using the Bunsen burner? The third wall. Be. Easy to see. Okay, why? What's going to happen to the solution? Or the salt will disappear because the of the heat, some things are going to disappear, but it's not the salt what is going to start to evaporate, do you think? Water, the water, the water is going to start to evaporate because we're going to make it hot enough that the water starts to boil and then evaporate. Why won't the salt evaporate? Why does the salt get left behind? Maybe because assalt is under under. Think about it in terms of boiling points and melting points, the sot will have a much higher boiling point. So watis boiling point, do you know what the boiling point of water is? What temperature does water boil at? 100 degrees. 100. Yeah. So water boils at 100. Now that doesn't mean that water will only evaporate at 100. It does start to evaporate at lower temperatures. But the point is the salt will stay as a solid. The boiling point and the melting point of salt is much higher. And we won't reach that temperature using our Bonson burner. So here's the equipment. We have the bunts and burner underneath. You have like a bowl that has an open lid. So there is no lid on it. It's just open because that's going to allow the water to escape, okay? And then as the water boils and evaporates, it's going to escape as water vapor. So here are the two steps that show what's happening as it happens. So the water starts to escape and eventually all the water has gone and you're left with just the salt in the bottom of the bowl. There is no water left, and you have these crystals of salt. Where has the water gone? Yeah, so where's it gone? Disappear Yeah it's got into the air hasn't it's evaporated. It's now in the air around you. It's water vapor. Okay? So we don't have the water. We've lost the water. So that's one negative about this point is that even though we've got the salt, we have lost the water along the way. So with evaporation, we are not collecting the water. We are only collecting the salt. So what if I wanted to collect the water as well? What if I wanted the pure water too? I'm going to show you another method now. So the next method is what we call simple distillation. So simple distillation is the separation of both water and solute from a solution. So this time, we don't want the water to just evaporate into the environment. We want to keep the water. So we need to find a way to keep both of them. So at first you have salt water still, but instead of just extracting the soul on, instead of just extracting the salt, I want the salt and the water. So to extract salt and water from salt water. Now this process is something that we call simple isolation is developed. Let me show you the steps of simple distillation. So here's your equipment. Here it is. So here we Oh, sorry, wrong one. I wanted this one first. Okay, here is your equipment. So what you've got here is you've still got the bonds and burner, so you're still gonna to use some heat, but notice how with this one there is nowhere for the gas to escape. Why can't the gas escape here? Because. Think about what's stopping it. Yeah can you can you draw like a circle around whatever it is that's stopping the gas from escaping? Pull me. Yeah, well done. Excellent ence. But that's what we call a stopper or a bunk. So that stops the gas from escaping. Excellent. So now instead of the gas being able to leave, it has to go down this pathway. Okay? That's the only way that it can go. Now as the water boils, it turns into a gas, as we know, because that's evaporation or boiling. So as the water boils, it turns into a gas and instead of just evaporating into the surroundings and going into the room it has to go down into this tube. Now in this tube there is a so actually it might be surrounded by a eye pack. Okay so this about say this is an ice pack so what do you think happens to gas water? What what are you going to add? Your microphone is very small suddenly. Oh, it's good. So okay, okay, good. So all I said there was, in case you missed it, was that because the gas can't get out of the top, it is forced to take this route here. So it's got to go down that little tube. And then I said, around the outside of that little tube is an ice pack or a cooler. So let me ask you, when we heat water up, when we heat liquid up, it turns to a gas, right? We call that evaporation or boiling. What do we call it when a gas turns back into a liquid? I don't know. I think we talked about this in one of the first asit's, a word that begins with c con. When we go from on, when we go from a gas to a liquid. Unguilt and then condenses. Yes, it condenses. Well done. So if water vapor turns back into water, we call that condensation. Okay? So this is a two way process. We've got evaporation one way and we've got condensation the other way. Okay? So these two processes are happening in this demonstration. The water evaporates when we heat it, but when it goes down that tube, it condenses. So it turns back into a liquid. So here's what we end up with. And for this happens, the water evaporates first of the ball and turns into a gas. So it rises. And when it rises, it goes up. And because it's blocked from escaping, it goes into that tube. And then you can see that the water is turning back into a liquid here. And because it's in that tube, it's now being dripped into the beaokay. So it's now being dripped into the beaker. So by the end of this experiment, we have salt left behind in the circular flask. Okay, so there's the salt left behind in the circular flask and we have pure water in there. So in here we've got salt and in there we've got pure water. So this is not better because it depends what you want to do. If you just wanted the salt, you would use crystallization or evaporation, the one that we talked about before. But if you wanted the pure water as well, you have to use this process. So this is known as simple distillation, okay? So simple distillation is this process that we've looked at, and it involves evaporation and condensation. Okay? So just to go back over it, we heat the water. Step one is we heat the water using a Bunson burner. Because the water is heated up, it starts to evaporate or boil. As the water boils, the water vapor rises up to the top, but because we have this stopper in place, it cannot escape from the equipment. So instead it goes down this tube. And instead that tube is that the tube is cool. So it will either be surrounded by an ice pack or it will have cold water running around it. So because the temperature suddenly goes down, the water vapor turns back into a liquid. It condenses. And as it does that, it's carried then down into this beaker that is waiting on the other side. And we now have a sample of pure water. So distillation is good because it allows us to separate the solute and the solvent from a solution. Okay. Does that make sense, Isabella? How I've explained it? Yeah, Yeah, do you have any questions at all? No, okay, go on, go on. Is it compdensation? I forgot what it means. So condensation means when a gas turns into a liquid. So when we go from liquid to gas, that is evaporation or boiling. And the other way around, the opposite process is condensation. Okay? So that's when a gas turns into a liquid because it cools down. Yeah. So for us to turn a liquid into a gas, we have to heat it. But then if that gas cools back down, it turns back into a liquid. Okay, so that's condensation. Any other questions you want to ask? No. Okay. Well, the next letter we have is Monday. We're going to be doing physics. As I said, I'm just updating the biology note that we did yesterday because I want to put in all the definitions of the digestive system and then I will send them both to you this afternoon. So you've got copies of them. Okay? All right. Well, enjoy your weekend, Isabella. I'll see you on Monday. See you. Bye bye.