Be you near the Mike? Yeah, I'm on the style of it. Oh, just starting a wooden boat. Okay, great. D and t and any other subjects you're good at and like. Say that again. Math. Oh, maths. Okay. Yeah if you just speak up a little bit, because over here I've got fans on them. Yeah, it's quite hot where I'm staying at the moment. So Yeah. Matths. Okay, brilliant. And how about art, music, sport? You're not really that kind of boy. Okay, it's fine. Okay. And do you play any musical instrument then? Are you learning anything enough? Piano. All right. Piano. Good. And you passed pianboth violin and piano? Yeah and have you passed any graves yet? Grade one or. Sorry, no, no. Okay, okay, got you. All right, well, let's get started then and off we go. Now we're going. To have a look today at public speaking and debating. Okay. So here we are. And public speaking, what does that mean? Sorry. Speaking Yeah speaking with lots of people, correct? Yes. Making a speech very good. Yeah. And do you hear many speeches? Like or do you see speeches happening? Yeah, not much. Okay. So when adults watch the news, there's often a lot of speeches from prime ministers, presidents and all kinds of people. So people are quite used to it. Sorry, ry rstill going to China. Can you sorry about this on full volume, but can you just let me try and rearrange here? Come a bit closer so I'm not catching every word you say. And I am old, but not that old. So let me try this. Okay, what did you just say? Uk Prime Minister going to China. All right, you've seen that on that? Yeah. Okay, that's interesting, isn't it? Yeah. So you do watch some news then. Okay, good. And if you are doing that and going from country to country giving speeches, talks, what must you wear? Yeah. A suit tie if it's a man, but formal looking, not relaxed and Yeah very good. And what's a debate and how is that different? The dbye is who teams like argue against each other, but in a polite way. Yeah, exactly. In a polite way. Excellent. Yeah. Okay, let's get started then. And there's a little bit of history at the beginning here. But Yeah, you recognize that guy. Maybe you're a bit Young. He was a president of America a few years ago, and it was very good at public speaking, giving speeches. Yeah. So I'll just go through this with you and ask you a few questions. Public speaking is essential, an essential life skill in modern world, full of meetings, conferences and networking events. In this article, we look at the history of public speaking from Greece to the 20 first century, as well as famous orator. Orator is a speech giver, so somebody whose job it is to it, like presidents, to give load ads of speeches throughout our history. Okay, let's see how your reading is, if you don't mind. Young Feland, here we go. You just want to read out this paragraph. What is public speaking is the act of performing a speech to live audience in a structured manner in order to inform, entertain and persuade them. These are many aspects to public speaking, from picking a topic to writing a speech to answering questions from the audience. Public speaking is a usually, usually, is usually a formal face to face speech, either a single person or group of listeners. Excellent breeding for your age. Well done. There are five basic elements of public speaking, being a communicator, giving a message the way you do it, called the medium. And the audience could even be one person you're giving it to. But usually loads of people and the effect on the audience. So just to move on. Public speaking can serve the purpose of giving information, transmitting information, telling a story, motivating people to act. What does motivating people mean? Like getting. Again. Getting you said, Yeah, okay, good. I got you. Yeah, good. So getting people worked up, you could say, Yeah or enthusiastic to act yeand. It could be a combination. So how many jobs do you think? Well, there's actually a lot, 70% of jobs involve some kind of public speaking. So it's important to be good at it and know what works and what doesn't work and all that. So here we go. Have you ever been to Greece? I learning about greall, right? Tell me about Greece. What do you know? Mess. Learning about legend, great myths and legends. So do you know that? And. The age, okay, right. What myths do you know? No, no, okay, Prometheus. Give me a summary. Prometheus, he is the winged God who gave he suffered because he gave the gift of fire to humans. Yeah Oh Yeah. Then he was chained a Cliff and eagles ate his liver. Yeah not very nice. But they they're often quite violent. Those are those old Greek myths. Yeah and what about the again yeokay and sorry, say that again. Okay. All right. Oh Yeah. Good. So the study of public speaking is 2500 years old, and it began in Athens when people took it really seriously. Although you could argue in every civilization it was important because you had people giving speeches, but they citizens would meet in the marketplace so ordinary people would join in. And they debated war, economics, politics. And if you wanted to be somebody important in life, you've got to have good speaking skills. And Aristotle, famous, most famous philosopher of all, they actually called him philosopher. He came up with, you could say, basic logic or the foundations of logic. So very important. And what is logic? How would you explain it? Logic, it's a thing that makes sense. Yeah, it's something which makes sense. And famous one here from the Greeks and philosophers like Aristotle. If you have a look at the chat down there, it's probably the best example of how logic works. All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Think about it. Very good example of deductive logic. So all men are mortal. They're gonna to die. Socrates name of the guy is a man. Therefore, what about the gods? What about the gods? What about them? The gods? Yeah. What about the gods? Go on. They're not they're not mortal. No, that's right. But they're not men, they're gods. So read the first one is called a premise, which is a statement that's either or false. That's philosophy. Yeah philosophy, correct. This is an example of logic or reasoning, something that makes sense. Okay, and we'll have a look at a lot more examples on the way, but it's just to give you a taste of it. And I'm going to be asking you to do some logical reasoning like that as well. So Aristotle, there we go. Okay? He, there was another guy called Quintilian and very famous, and they gave rules for public speaking. It was so important for the Greeks, and it's called rhetoric in those days, public speaking or giving speeches as a means of persuasion. So it was about how to persuade people using reasoning and logic. This guy, Quintillian, published a very long book on public speaking, okay? They actually believed, if you didn't speak well, that you couldn't reason, then you're not a very good person. So it's like a moral thing, which we find quite odd today. Don't don't we we find that strange. But the Greeks did, we think, believe that the ideal speaker, or erator, is a good man speaking well. So another guy, Cicero, very important to speech giver rhetoretician rhetoric, rhetic giving speeches. He's most famous for a five step process. Okay? It's still used today. And we still follow the Greeks and the logic and the public speaking is one of the reasons they're so know, influential and famous. And we still love to study the Greeks as you're doing. So three words here, ethos, logos and pathos. Important words, ethos. There's another word, ethics. Any idea what it means? Okay, ethics it's is the person and the the fact is it good what somebody is saying is it does it make sense? You could say the logical bit. And are they do they have any? Like are they an expert or not? Basically, logos is absolute logic reasoning. And when you give a speech, people like to hear things like statistics. Like 70% of jobs need public speech. That's a statistic. They like to hear numbers. They like to hear facts. So logos, pathos is different. It's emotional appeal. So we're going to have a look at that particularly shortly. Okay. In fact, I'll just bring that up now. Let's see, and I'll ask you a few questions about it. 1s. So there's just a few minutes, but have a listen about emotions or pathos when you're writing a speech. And then there's a little question, I think near the end to ask you. Humans are filled with a variety of emotions, whether it is sadness, happiness, fear, anger, surprise or disgust. Emotions change how we see the world and how we interpret the actions of others. The use of emotions through rhetoric is what Aristotle called pathos. For example, pretend someone said, caring for the environment may not change your life, but it will change the lives of your children. This statement is attempting to appeal to people's emotions, specifically their love for their children. Most people want what is best for their kids, and this statement caters to that desire. Now listen to the following two statements and guess which one is using pathos. Covid -19 drove an additional 97 million people into extreme poverty in 2020, according to World Bank estimates. The loss of Anna's family business meant her family had to sell their cows in resort to living on $1a day. Okay. Take a look at those two and which one is appealing to logos? One. Person, very good, correct, because logos is facts and numbers, reasoning like logic, if you like. And the second one, what's it called again, when you appeal to the emotions? What's that one called? Begins with p. Pathos okay, and you've got a little test in a year old daughter often cries about how hungry she is. While example one relies on ethos and logos, example two is more descriptive about extreme poverty and what it looks like. Example two humanizes the data. The description of a six year old crying from hunger is sobering and sad. It is therefore an example of pathos. Perhaps the most compelling way to elicit emotions in readers and listeners is through storytelling or anecdotes. Short stories are a great way of motivating and persuading others. For example, if you were trying to persuade a friend to join the football team, you could tell a story about how you too were hesitant to join the team. But now that you have been lifting weights, you've become more confident, and now that you are part of a team, you feel more accepted at school. Personal examples or stories are great persuasive tools for stimulating emotions and listeners. Now that you know more about pathos, here's your task. Sell a classmate this piece of broccoli for 20, and be sure you integrate pathos into your argument. Good luck. Any idea how to do that? Difficult. Yeah that it's the best broccoli ever. Yeah, good. Anything else? And. If you don't buy this ruckly or die, Yeah, you could you could threaten them. Yeah or you could. I suppose it's not ethic, although not good. You could say this is a super broccoli they've just developed and lie about it and itgive you extra brain power for the exam tomorrow, that kind of thing. Yep. But if you're going to do with pathos, what would you. How could you do that? Now disrutly or not survive Yeah and you if you say Yeah you know somebody that they the doctor that Yeah okay Yeah all the world's running out of broccoli and this is one of the only ones left you are lots of ways you could but pathos he just he mentioned that maybe bringing in a story in like if I had eaten more broccoli I wouldn't have got ill that time and this is the only one left in the shop and I'm you know I think you look ill and maybe you that Yeah it's all the anyhow quite difficult on that but Yeah your answers are good so well done and let's just Carry on a little bit more with public speaking. Okay, they call it now presenting, not public speaking. So can you give a presentation? Theyask you in class? Have you already given any presentations? No, okay with a PowerPoint usually. You don't need to, you don't need to at the moment, okay? You will do eventually in school, yeokay other words for it, giving a speech or a setalk and address lecture etcec, okay, and here's some pictures. Presenting means the oral transmission of information, right? What does oral mean? Oral hygiene. What's that? Toothpaste company I that okay it's. A toothpapaste company called oral b. So it's to do with a mouth of teeth usually, but speaking so speaking ideas or information. And here we go. So how are these people resenting? In the photographs, think about what their job might be, why they're speaking, who they're speaking to, how they're dressed, how many people they're speaking to, are they using any props and so on. So have a look. Using computers, right? Yeah are any of the teachers or the presenters, whatever they are, are they using computer to present? Maybe this guy is yeand. They're computer's inside. Yeah, well, there's no, Yeah, she's reading from a laptop, probably there's a projector here, you know, and he's talking about stuff on a screen. She doesn't have any henot there. Okay. Computer. Oh, right. Yeah, there is here she's using it to and this students or the people are okay from their clothes. Any idea if we call this one, two, three, four, what these people are? Their jobs? There, what? One, 23 we are like just informal and four is formal. Excellent. Yeah so maybe these are students, teachers, Yeah maybe University seminar. But Yeah correct. You could call this he's got kind of a sports jacket on semi formal. Yeah but these are four mal. So very good. So for what do you think this is? What kind of gathering is it? My name. To speak up, company meeting. Yeah, thank you. Yeah. Speak speak a bit louder. Very good. Correct? Excellent. Yeah. So well done. And if you want to be a good presenter, you should speak clearly to one person or small groups of people, make sure what you saying is in order, make sense and change your language and tone to suit your audience. Okay, so what do they mean by this one here? The others are clear, I think. Use like expression good. Expressions which suits the the age of the people Yeah or their knowledge. So as a year four, if you're asked to give a speech to the teachers. What kind of tone or language would you use? Very full, very good. Excellent. Yeah, well done. So Oh, you are good at this. Yeah, you would tend to go formal. So instead of saying hi, I'm happy to give a speech, miyou would say welcome and good morning and things like that. Yeah and more formal. Well done. So which one of these are important and which are not? So can you pick out the important things Daniel says Daniel needs to remember about speaking clearly? So what about this one? Look at the floor. Cloudly. Yes, Yeah, okay, interesting. Speak slowly. Yeah Yeah speak quickly. No way. No and make eye contact. Yes. Yeah, definitely. And talk quietly? No way. Excellent. Yeah. Funny enough on the because of the Internet like you know YouTube and all those kind of things, you do hear a load of people trying to speak quickly. And it's really strange if you notice that if you when they they think they have to speak like that and they go on like that and it's a all rather strange now, but speaking clearly and Yeah, good. Okay. Public speaking then can you let's just see if you've been listening. Well, tell me what is public speaking? Where does it come from? Because you can actually study a subject or public speaking from Greece. Very good. You remember the names? Yeah ancient Greece. The names of any of the great writers on public speaking? Socrates? Yeah. He was one of the great philosophers. Plato wrote about him. Any others? Anus is a minor. He's immortal. Yeah, that's over there. All men are mortal. Socrates as a man, therefore, Socrates are mortal. Very good. And that's an example of, he said in this chat, is fake because Perseus is a man. He is immortal. Perseus, wasn't he half God? No are sure bobut a mother was born by. Yes, so he was his father zuand, so a half half God, half man, correct? Okay. So you're trying to say premise one is wrong, is false, all men are mortal. Okay, youhave to get better evidence than that one though. Okay, but good try. And as well as the Greeks. When you remember the three things Aristotle said you need to consider when you're writing a speech. Pathopathos, very good novels, excellent. Yeah pathos, logos and what was the other one? Ethos. Ethos. Yeah excellent. Oh, you've got a very good memory in fellow. So and ethos is the authority or are you an expert? How do you know about this and where you get the fact from that you're talking about? So Yeah, excellent. So well done. Debates then now then. There we go. You already know about debating. Do you do class debates at school? No, okay, not yet. You will do. And what do you think the rules of a debate are? Nice. Any others know? No, go on. No shouting, no shouting, very good. You can't interrupt. Let's have a quick look here. There are general rules everybody has to follow, and you can't put people down saying, well, you don't know anything, you're a fool and things like that. You can't do that. You can't. You must raise your hand if it's not your turn to speak. But it's quite strict on turns to speak. Don't interrupt, don't whisper while other people are talking and other speakers talking because it's rude and a debate is chaired by a speaker, and the speaker is the boss. You can only speak once during the debate. Your speech should be about two minutes long if you can develop an argument, not just making a point again and again. I felt it for a minute. Well, they say too here, I think this is really for school debating probably if you look at the graphics, but Yeah, it can be actually long. You're right. Okay. You can intervene and to ask a question, but you have to put up your hand, use notes. You can. Yes. And so you can stand up, put your hand up and ask a question, but it's up to the speaker who's the boss to were let you speak or not. Okay. What what has let me ask you another question. What has debating got to do with what we were just looking at public speaking rhetoric, logic. How? Is it related? Need? Excellent. Yeah, very good. So you can't just say things without supporting them with evidence. Yeah. Particularly important things. You need evidence. Excellent answer. Yeah. And in other words, reasoning and logic. So just before we get into this, let me. Few more things. So simple logic, if you like, you could say it's in the brain and it's the word like languages and reasoning. And it's so important in everything, particularly what we're doing now. We're talking on computers, which were in it's zeros and ones, of course, which is very simple beginnings with computers, and it's all to do with logic. So if I just paste this. So have a quick look at that before we look at debating because it's underneath everything really. So there are think about it with logic. It's very some different types of logic are around and I've been around most of them since the Greeks came up with these ideas. And again, they're underneath everything we do and say reasoning really. So there's a conditional. You have a look at the charthe if and then. So that's a type of logic. If it's raining, then the ground is wet. So that's something you can't challenge, you know like you can't say, well, that's rubbish, I'm gonna and you don't really need evidence for it, although sometimes you do. You need some evidence if it's a now can you think of A A premise like an argument which is uses if and then or additional logic? If you, then you will don't live again if you die, then. You excellent. Yes, correct. Okay. And you can't really prove it, can you? One way or the other. But Yeah. Now tell me if this conditional statement, I'll give you one. Is it good or sound or is it bad or flawed? Does it sound wrong to you? Okay. Let me just have a think. All the students studying with Mister Smith got top Marks last year. So if Mister Smith has students this year, then they will all get top Marks. Is it good? Watch it. It's not. Why not? They're not insancorrect excellent. Excellent. They're not the same students. Yeah very good. And there's other problems with it, but well done. Yeah and then there's deductive reasoning like our Socrates and mortal problem there. Okay. Okay and that's one of the most common ways we reason if fact probably most of our something is probably, you know if I do this because I've done it repeatedly and this happens, it will it will happen next time it's guaranteed or is problem. So then you get and and we get into these other ones are what computer programmers use so bolion and it's called so to enter you need a ticket and a photo ID. So both must be correct. Okay. Can you think of any end logical statement? And. I. Just come closer to the mic because I can't hear you. What do you mean about anlogical statements? Yeah. Have a look down here. It's bolion and it's under Socrates. So the example to enter, you need a ticket and a photo. So both two things must be. So let me give an example. To PaaS a test, you need to practice loads and loads. Yeah you will PaaS a test if you practice. And what. And do your homework. Do all your homework. Yeah so it's got to be something and something. Okay, good. So there are other ones, but you're clearly very good at logic as well. So what done and debating? So have you seen or taken part in a debate you said you hadn't yet? That's fine. Debating is a way of communicating, builds confidence, self esteem. So using public speaking again, as a skill and conveying our ideas coherently, reasonably, logically and passionately. Now notice that thing they put there because of Aristotle's thing was correct. Actually, we have a valuable tool that canaid us in our public, private and future lives. Okay, fine. And real life debates, you see them on tv in the house of commons parliament is they spend a lot of time debating. Sometimes they they don't behave well. Have you ever seen on the news of the people in parliament, mp's, they they shout and sometimes they interrupt or they try to shout people down, but usually it goes, okay, okay. So a debate is based around a suggestion or motion. So here's a motion. The voting age should be lowered to 16, not 18. Okay. And the people in the government in England, who's in the government? What's the party called at the moment? Labour Party. Yeah, so they usually want to lower it to 16 like to vote. Why would that be? Maybe more younger people will vote for that party. Okay? And that's what they think. And so people argue for and against. These pictures are a bit out of date now, but so how to hold a debate? The chair opens the meeting and give speeches. The chair doesn't do that, but the proposer speaks in favor of the statement or emotion the opposer speaks against. And people supporting that accord seconders either place and then it's open to anybody in the audience. So quite straightforward, okay. And. There's a summing up when a debate finishes and the chair asked the main speakers for and against to give a summary, and then the chair gives a summary. So it's quite a lot of rules to how a debate goes. And then there's a vote who convinced people. So it's still the same as with the Greeks because it's about persuading people. And again, the rules, we looked at those before. Okay, don't interrupt, don't whisper on all those things. And this is how a debate room layout is. Speakers at the back, in the middle, or usually raised up on a stage for and against team, the speaker area, and then the audience is there. Okay. And Yeah, we can Carry on with that next time, but let me just. Get you this, which shows just check is the layout and everything. Does it match that? So here's an example of it. And 1s. Does it look to you as if it's following them? Who's the person in the middle at the top? Middle at the top Yeah. Can't see their hds. Sorry. See the heads. The heads disappeared. Okay, maybe it's a bit blurry. At the top in the middle. Is it the chair or the proposer? The chair. Good. Well done. Yeah. Who's the lady in the middle? Excuse me. Yeah in favor of the most motion opposer seconders. I think she's like a tv presenter, basically like a referee. But from the kids on the left, you've got closing government, okay? There's something political they have to discuss, but you've got opposes, seconders and all that. Okay, let's just as time is getting short, just go back to speeches. And because that's where we began and 1s. Okay. A question for you about what you're going to listen to a few famous speeches, but does the speaker or the erator use more logos or more pathos? So have a quick listen to this or just move it on a bit. In the midst of a vast ocean of material, this nation will rise up and live out the meaning of its creed. We hold these tools to be self evident that all men are created each. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners, will they be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood? I have a dream that one day tell me what techniques he's using when he wrote his speech and how he's giving it. Okay, name s pathos pathos so pathos because just explain. It's. I know what it's about. I've learned about Yeah, but why pathos? Using lots of emotion. Very good. Excellent. And when you say I have a dream that one day everybody will be equal is pointing to the sad situation at the time when they're not equal in law and everything. So lots of emotion. Segregation, very good. You know about that as well. So you know, some mystery. Excellent. Yeah, famous Martin Luther King speech and he did Yeah very good. He did use a bit of, not it's not just all pathos, but logos as well. Did you catch it when he said something? He refers to something with authority. Let me just try and get. Hundred years later. The Negro still is not free. 100 years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. 100 years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material. This nation will rise up and live out the meaning of its creed. We hold these tools ths to be self evident that all men are created each other. That is actually in the American constitution, isn't it? All men are created equals, written hundreds of years ago, their founding document, most important thing in their history. So he's referring to that and that is which one then? Ethos or pathos or logos? Yeah, it's a logic. But remember, ethos is authority, like you're linking it. But yes, correct. And when he said 100 years ago, and now that's using history and that's using facts, that's logos as well. So excellent. Yeah, let me try try you on another one. Yeah. I don't know if you've seen this movie, but this is church's speech. Just an actor doing it. Obviously not real, but it was only on the radio. But it started off Britain joining the Second World War and going toward war Germany. But to have a listen to the way he speaks and what he's talking about, and I'm going to ask you the same thing, what style is he going towards? Okay. And have a listen to the question of engai would observe that there has never been a period in all these long centuries of which we boast, when an absolute guarantee against invasion could have been given to our people. That I have myself full confidence that if all do their duty, if nothing is neglected and the best arrangements are made as they are being made, we shall prove ourselves once more able to defend our our income to ry out the storm of war. And you outlive the many subtyranif necessary for years if necessary. Hello. And anyway, that is what we are going to try to do. That is the result of his Manesty's government headed them, right? That is the will of parliament. And the, the British and the French may happen, linked together in their poand, in their lead, will defend to the death their native soils, aiging each other like good colleagues ratoday, okay. Famous Churchill speech and he, okay, what do you think it's more? Or is it a mixture of logos, ethos, pathos? Which one. A mixture very good. So he starts off with a history of invasion and he says something that is no guarantee. In other words, England has been invaded so many times, Romans, Vikings, you name it, Saxons etc., etc., and the Normans. So what's he appealing to there? History of invasion? If you if you mention like a it's always been so or in the past this happened. Yeah, it's facts, isn't it? But it's also authority like we know this is it happened in the past. So that would be. Is this a movie, a part of a movie? Yeah, it's part of a movie. Dark is now it's called it's very good. So that that will be ethos, authority. He mentions defending against evil and tyranny, against the Nazis. So what would that be? Even if we die, we stick together. We. Pthos very good here, excellent pathos. And again, he mentions the king and parliament are agreeing with him, so he's appealing to authority again. And that's. Ethos. Yeah, okay, I'm going to let you go and hope to see you next lesson. And very good. I'm very impressed with your reasoning and excellent knowledge of Greek history. And Yeah, obviously very smart kids. Well done. And okay, I'll see you next time. Bye, Mr tiger. Okay, bye bye.