If I have to mute, it's because still got a bit of a cough. It's been the endless illness that won't ever seem to go away. Is there still a lot in China, Linda? Lots of illnesses. Yeah like those are this flu because I don't know, because like the temperature was like too cold. Yeah, that's what I've got. There's a horrible flu going around in the uk and that's what I managed to catch. But unfortunately, it seems to be lasting for about three weeks. It won't go. Okay. All good a mark for mentioning the waxy cuticle. That's better. Excellent. Palisade. Right in the palisade, you need to talk about the fact that there's a lot of chloroplasts here. So I'm going to give you the pen. And just in this space here, can you write contains lots of chloroplasts. So just like along this line. That's it, and just change your colso. It shows up. Okay. Going to put an essoniiant chloroplasts. Spongy miopl good airspaces. And gas exchange. Tomato. And vascubundle. So other things that you could have said. So if you can write this in here at the top. You could have talked about the fact that a leaf is thin. And has a large surface area. Okay. Just going to change that to has a leaf piston and has a large surface area. Pop that there. So I'm going to give you a five out of six for that one because you've missed out a little bit of important content, especially those chloroplasts. That's a very important thing. Have you mentioned chloroplasts at all? I don't think you have. No, no. So Yeah, and that's mainly where you've lost a mark for that one. I'll pin that on the chat. Did you have a good break with your grandparents? Yeah. Do you feel rested and relaxed? No, because my dad made me had like badminton lessons, like nearly every single day, right? Badminton lessons for how long? Like two hours hmm, that's pretty healthy for you though. But like it's like 121, so it's not really tiring and the coach made us like run around the court. Oh gosh, right. Okay, pretty intensive then. Yourather have just been sitting down relaxing all the time. Yeah. Oh, well, dads know what's best for you, right? Let's get our information up for today. So we are looking at plant minerals and transport. And depending on how we get on, if we manage to finish it off, we'll do a little bit of general revision. At the end. Now one might need that later scale our PowerPoint. Okay, we'll start with that. See how we go. And read that please, Linda. Only objective to understand how plants absorb the water and minerals required for healthy seed grows. To describe how plants absorb water and minerals from soil. To explain the row of different minerals implant. To explain how fertilizers can be used to prevent mineral deficiencies. Good. And I presume you haven't covered this at school yet. No, no. Okay. So we're getting a little bit ahead. That's not a problem, right? We got a strange slide here, right? Why are these crisps so good to eat? Do you like eating crisps? Potato crisps? Right? Why are they particularly good to eat? And it says, think about the shape. It's round so like it fits into your mouth, right? And like it's crispy, like it was good to just like munch on it. And then if we think about the large surface area, that means you can get a lot of the flavoring over the crest. What flavor do you like? I like barbecue. So you get lots of that barbecue taste because that surface area is so large. Now, of course, lots of things in biology, but to do with surface area, we're thinking about the lungs. We're thinking about the digestive system. And then, of course, the leaf large surface area, the maximum amount of crisp and flavoring comes into contact with your tongue. Looking at the roots today. So read this first part. Plants absorb water from the soil using rotes fruits are long and spread out to give a large surface barrier or absorbing water in you name a specialized cell that is found in the root? Okay, can you answer that question? Through tear cell, the one brilliant. So when you look at a tree. And you look at all of its branches. That surface area is duplicated underneath the ground with the roots, and it is pretty much as large as the area of the branches and the trunk above ground. Because otherwise, if it wasn't, think how easily a tree would blow over. So those roots have got to be very, very extensive to anchor a huge tree. Let me see if I can find you a nice picture showing that. Hmm. Oh, this one's not too bad. So just in the chat there you can see. That extensive root system. And here we go. Here's another one. So it's pretty much got to mirror what is above ground to make that stable. Can you see both of those in the chat? Yeah. Yeah. So we're always talking about the leaves when it comes to a plant, but the roots are equally as important. And focusing on a root hair cell today. So here we've got an enlarged picture of a root health hair cell. So these specialized cells increase the surface area to absorb more water. And if you look at the roots, they do actually look like tiny little hairs. And that's where we get the name root hacell. So we have got this large surface area which can push down through the grains of soil looking for water and what else. Nutrient. That's it. So like we get our nutrients through eating food where we know a plant doesn't an eat food, it makes its own food through photosynthesis. But it's still got to get all of the extra minerals from somewhere that it's going to need for the chemical processes. So why do plants need water? Can you read the first one, Linda? It keeps cells rigid by filling the vcuo and therefore prevent the plant quoting. Okay, so that vacule in the middle of a plant cell, that's what helps to keep the cells. We sometimes use the word turgid, and that's like rigid, but it's a special word relating to being kept rigid with water gidity. And if the plant starts to lose that, then it's going to start to wilt and it starts to lose its strength because, of course, unlike us who have got bones to give us strength and structure, the plan only gets that structure and strength from its cells and from the water. Of him. Next way. Leaves by evaporation. Good. So just like we cool ourselves down by sweating, plants will cool down by evaporation. But of course, that's going to be a trade off because they don't want to lose too much water because then they will start to wilt. So it's important that the plant can get enough water from the soil to replace any that is left lost by evaporation. Next one. Water plus carbon dioxide is oxygen plus glucose as the reactant for photosytenses. Yeah very important. And last one. To transport dissolved minerals around the plant, right? So the word dissolved tells us that these minerals have been dissolved in the water. So obviously they are carried with the water. So without enough water, the plant is going to not only start to wilt, but it start going to start to be deficient of the minerals that it needs. Now this is quite a useful slide, so I'm going to put a copy of this on the chat. So I think it summarizes everything nicely. So can you tell me what osmosis is? Like like like the diffusion thing. How is it different from diffusion? Oh, it's been. It's the movement of water. So it's just a special type of diffusion where water molecules are the things that are moving and you have to have a semi permeable membrane, whereas diffusion can be any particle, and it isn't diffusing across a semi permeable membrane. There might be a membrane there, but there doesn't have to be for diffusion. If you just think about smells in the air in your house, if you spray some perfume, you don't need this special membrane for the perfume particles to diffuse. So osmosis is just a special type of diffusion. Read the slide, please, Linda. Water is absorbed by the root Paracel via a specific type of diffusion code. Osmosis. Osmosis is a movement of water molecules from an area of high high water concentration to area of low water concentration. So water is then transported up the stem to the leaves by the dilem. Transporting the water away from the roots means more water molecules move into the root sphere osis. Yeah. So it's almost like a sucking action. So when you have got water evaporating from the leaves, it sucks more water up from the roots through the silum vessels, much like when you are drinking through a straw, you've got that sucking motion. Now, have you ever if you think about a really thin straw, and it's got to be c through, if you dip that straw into your drink, have you ever seen what happens? Like it split up, it starts to move up the straw a little bit, doesn't it, without you even sucking. And that is called capillary action. And that is how the water molecules move up the xylem vessels. Yet through capillary action. So here we've got a root hair cell. Now it's not just water that we want to go into the root and then into the xylem vessel, its nutrients in the form of mineral ions. So minerals dissolve in water and are absorbed via the roots and transported the xylem. You read this button, ender. When water and mineral ions are in a high concentration in the soil, they diffuse into the root hair cell, moving from an area of high water concentration to area of low water concentration. Good, so remember, the water molecules are entering via osmosis, the mineral ions are entering via diffusion. And it's high to low concentration. And then we eventually get something that we call equilibrium, and that's where sufficient water and mineral ions have been absorbed. So there is no net movement into or out of. Because the concentration of minerals is the same in the soil as inside the root hair cell. Okay with that, Linda. Yeah, right. We have just got a summary sheet for you to do. Let it check. Yeah. Ops, you mean to close that? Let's get rid of that. I'm going to cut this out because it's easier to type on. Okay, Linda, have a got finishing that off place. Perfect. So we don't need to go anymore more in depth at this point. Obviously, if you were to where you will Carry on and you will revisit this at gcse and you will go into a little bit more depth, but that's about as detailed as we need at the moment. So the next thing I'm going to show you is a practical that you may do or your teacher might just demonstrate it, or you might have even seen this being done in primary school. So if I show you a picture here. Now you might see these in China. We have them in the uk. They're a bit strange. I don't like them very much. Let's get that big. So have you ever seen very unrealistic brightly colored flowers? No, right? Well, that's good. They're actually died if we see this one here. So you can see here that this was a pinky red carnation, and it has been put into blue dye, and it is starting to change the colour of the petals. Now this experiment here. Is something that your teacher might set up and show you at a later date, because it does take a little bit of time. So we have got four carnations. We've got a control where the White carnation is displaced into water. And then we've got one when blue dyed water thatjust be something like food dye, red and Green. Now why are the petals changing? Some because kers when the when they absorb the water. Like the dies, ce will affect the. Now you could do with using the words dilem vessels in your explanation. Now there aren't any roots, because this is a cut flower. But of course we do know that water will travel up the stems of plants, not amazingly well, they will die eventually, but it can travel up the stems. So within the stem there is a vessel called the xylem vessel. And this carries water up the stem towards the leaves and the flowers. It will also Carry any dissolved substances like minerals or food dye. So the stem in the Green food dye is carrying molecules of Green dye up the stem. And then these will travel to all parts of the plant. So itbe the leaves as well. That will be dyed. You're not going to notice that very much because they're already Green with chlorophyll. And it will dye the petals. And then the same for the red and the same for the blue. Okay, does that make sense, Linda? Yeah. I think I've accidentally closed my PowerPoint. Let me reopen it. So this is a similar experiment, but this one is useful because we can actually see only certain parts of this celery stem, and we could see it with that carnation if we cut across the stem. Obviously, the stem of a carnation is much smaller than a celery stem, so it's going to be harder to see without a microscope. We can see little circles of red. Now, what is that all about? Why isn't the whole stem going red? It's it. But. It doesn't get up that far. It's because these xylum vessels, just like the veins in your body, if you look at your arm, it's not one huge great vein, is it? You have got a number of veins as part of your arm, not the whole arm, just like in a stem. It's not one big xylem vessel. It's a number of vessels like different veins. And that's all we're seeing here. So this is a xylum vessel, and this is a xyem vessel. And they are stained red because that is the part that carries the water and whatever else is dissolved in it up the plant. And you will also start to see the celery leaves will start to go red, and you will see the vascular bundles dyed red. You'll be able to actually see the veins in the leaves. So we're not going to look at this too much because we can't do it, but we'll just quickly whizz through the method. So tap water in a beaka with a few drops of food coloring doesn't have to be red, could be any colour obsea greens not going to show up as well, but red or blue would be good. Place the celery stalk and leave it for 30 minutes. Remove the celery stock, wash off the dand, then cut a thin slice. Now, after 30 minutes, it will start to travel up the stem of the celery. It's not going to reach all the way up to the leaves. Observe the ends of the celery, strosee the vixylem tubes, cut off a slice, place it under the microscope, and there you can see the xylem vessels. Let's get you another picture of that. So just in case you don't do this, here's some pictures. And then this one, they have actually stripped the stalk a little bit more, so you can see these continuous lines running up the celery. Showing us that they are continuous tubes going upwards. This is a good one. Oh, Yeah, I forgot about this one. You can actually split the celery stem in half and put it in two different colors like this. And that shows it nicely, doesn't it? And there we are we can see our xylemm vessels. And this is similar to what you would see under the microscope. Okay, any? Questions, Linda? Okay. Right. Next thing we are going to look at. Why plants need minerals. And we're going to look at a little video clip. First of all. If you were to inspect the plot. You just get this set up. If you were to inspect the plants in a garden, is that okay for you? Can you hear it? Yeah, okay, brilliant. So this is going to talk about the different types of minerals required by plants and what exactly they are needed for. So if you want to take a few notes, you can do, but we will have a worksheet afterwards, so don't worry too much. You might notice that some of them don't look as healthy as they should. You may see areas of discoloration, or you may see areas where they have. So what do you think is wrong with this, rose bush? The colors not right. What do you think? Closing the water underneath? Yeah. Now, sometimes it can be due to attack by insects. Sometimes it can be a disease, like a fungal disease, or sometimes it can be due to a deficiency in the soil. Now we know if you've got a house plant, it's very important to feed your house plant. Now we use the word feed. It's not really used correctly. It means to give them some kind of fertilizer, but often people forget that you do have to do that in your garden as well, not as regularly as in house plants, in pots. But it is a good idea to put some kind of nutrients into your soil in the garden, especially if you don't leave the dead leaves to rot away and fertilize the soil naturally. So possibly that's what's happened to this rose bush. Now, rose bushes do need quite a lot of nutrients. That's why people will put manure underneath their rose bushes. And manure is basically cowpoo and straw, so people don't love to do that because it can be stinky black patches all over the leaves. Now sometimes this can be a sign that the plant is suffering from a disease, and this could perhaps be a bacterial, a viral, or a fungal disease, or it could be that the plant is lacking in a certain mineral. In this video, we're going to look at some key minerals that plants need in order to remain healthy and how they might grow if they are lacking in. Now I have definitely seen this on some of the bushes in my garden. Strange, really bright yellow leaves. So I've definitely got this problem. Certain minerals. Plants absorb mineral ons through their roots. Mineral ons are absorbed by the root hair cells, and there's a picture of what one looks like on the right hand side there. And the roots would absolutely be covered in these root hair cells. The mineral ons, along with water that is also absorbed by the root hair cells, travel around the plant in the xylem tubes. If plants don't have enough minerals, they are said to have a mineral deficiency. And right? So just like the words that we use for humans where we say nutrient deficiencies, it's exactly the same word for plants, this deficiency. So not enough of something, the gross will be affected. So let's look at some key minerals. First off, we'll look at nitrates. Nitrates are needed for growth because nitrates are used to make proteins, and these are needed for plant growth. Plants with a nitrate deficiency will show stunted growth. So up the two plants there, the one on the left is not growing properly. It's much shorter than it should be. So that's why we describe that as having stunted growth. So it could be that that plant is suffering from a nitrate deficiency. Another important group of minerals are phosphates. These are needed for healthy roots. Plants with a phosphate deficiency will have poor root growth. What do you think poor root growth is going to affect the plant? Like grows. And like it's going to grow like slowly and like they might not grow at tall. Absolutely. And then if we were talking about a large plant like a tree, if it had poor root growth, it would be pretty likely to blow over in a storm, or it might even blow over if it's very rainy, because of course, the roots help to anchor the plant to the ground, and this would affect the growth of the plant, again, causing stunted growth. So we can't always just look at a plant and know what the deficiency is because nitrates cases stunted growth in the previous slide. And then she's just said that phosphates cause stunted growth. So you can't always exactly say it might be a number of things. Potassium is needed for healthy leaves and flowers. Plants with the potassium deficiency have yellow leaves with dead patches, right? Okay. So yellow and dead patches. Now my plants haven't got the dead patches. They've just got the yellow leaves. So that might not be due to potassium. The plants won't be able to photosynthesize as much. This also will affect plant growth. And finally, magnesium. Magnesium is used for making chlorophyll. Clones with a magnesium deficiency have leaves that turn yellow. There we are. So that's the problem that I have got in my garden. Not enough magnesium. Obviously, if we haven't got enough chlorophyll, what's going to happen? It's not going to be Green. Yeah. So it won't be able to photosynthesize because it is the Green pigment that is used to trap the sun's energy. So yellow leaves are not going to be able to photosynthesize very much. Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll, which is the Green pigment that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. The plants won't be able to photosynthesias much, and this will also affect plant growth. So nature has its own way of recycling minerals back into the soil. Decomposers, including bacteria and fungi break down dead matter and return the minerals back to the soil. So this is what would happen in a natural environment. But you will find that gardeners don't want dead things rotting on there grass or on their soil. So they clean them up and they tidy them up but that does mean they're taking them away from the soil. So if they are doing that, that's where they're going to have to fertilize their soil themselves. In agriculture, crops are harvested, meaning that the natural cycle of death and decay doesn't occur. Therefore, farmers spray their soil with chemicals called fertilizers to replace the minerals in the soil. Npk is a fertilizer that is commonly used by farmers. It contains nitrogen, which is the n, phosphorus, which is the p, and potassium, which is the k. So that's the usual mix that you will find in a fertilizer npk fertilizer. Hi guys. If you enjoyed that last video, then please click. Okay. We're going to do a little bit about, but. Now again, I'm going to cut this out. Now, actually, I might not need to. You might be okay. Right. I'll let you move up and down as you need to. And just looking at the time, we won't read through this together. I'll just let you read it as you need to, to answer the questions. Okay, Linda, if you go. Don't forget your full stops at the end of your sentences, ender. Can you put one after chlerosis as well? And don't forget to do this bit as well. Yeah, good. Your capital letter at the start there. And leaves, you've missed off your s. Can you see it when both deficiencies that's set. Oh, and deficiencies next to nitrogen spelling. De. Now luckily for these plants, these deficiency signs are reversible if you add the appropriate mineral to the soil. So a plant whose leaves start to turn yellow, they will become Green again once you add the magnesium. You can just do. That's it. That's all you need for that one. Yeah. Right. I'm going to give you the rest of that for your homework. So let's cut out what you've done. Hmm. Okay, I'll just do that in two sections. So I'll put you a copy of the reading comprehension, and then I will give you this second page here to finish off for your homework. So let's just do a little bit of a recap on the end of our PowerPoint. We should have a few questions. I can ever find the right bit. There we go. Okay. So this is just going through everything that was on that reading comprehension. What am I? A mineral that helps plants develop healthy roots? Oh. Don't worry, if you can't remember, have a guess. The phosphorus thing, you got it. Yeah, well done phosphorus. A Green pigment found in chloroplasts, which absorbs light for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll, perfect chemical reaction that is carried out by plants to produce glucose. So two, a plant mineral that helps produce chlorophyll. It's the one you need for the yellow leaves. Begins with magneum fat magnesium, a specialized cell type found in plant roots that gives the roots a large surface area. The. Teracsel Yeah effusion of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis, yes, plant mineral that converts sugars made in photosynthesis into proteins. Nitrogen nitrates. Okay. And we're at the end. All right, Linda. So I'll add your homework that's finishing off that comprehension. And I will see you next week. Bye.