Or work. What about these people? Would they remember we talked before about the difference between like they would be it may raise unemployment because they might be looking for work. Remember in the last one we had people that had jobs on what coming over and people that were looking for work. So if they were coming mainly for family, they might actually start you know looking for work as well. Mine they. So that could increase unemployment, although if they've come in recently, they're probably not entitled to benefit. So they probably wouldn't cast in the claim ant count, would they? Okay. What about any of this information from extract one? How could you use this? Which miss can you explain the that the family and formal study more extract Yeah if they're coming over so this is the reason for them coming into the uk okay. And remember we were looking at family Yeah Yeah so maybe when they came originally for family actually they might start looking for work as well. So they would become like part of our unemployment statistics, wouldn't they? Although they probably wouldn't count in the claimant count. Claimcount ts. Can you remember the climate count? The climate count was people that had claimed and that will increase the cliplant. I think probably not. Probably not because people that have just come to the country might not be allowed the benefits, but it might increase the unemployment rate. So for example, let's pretend you're older and you've come to let's take you somewhere different. You've gone to Japan and you because there's family there and you don't have a job, well, you've never lived in Japan before and you now need a job. You aren't eligible to claim benefits, so you wouldn't be in the Japanese claimant count, but you might be unemployed, you might be looking for work even though you've gone to you know, your main reason of going as family, unless your family are supporting you financially. If you're of a working age, you're likely to you know, look for jobs. Yeah. But it may not have an effect, may not have an effect. Yeah I'm not for this. Okay, so you've got people coming into the uk and they've said their main reason for coming into the uk is to live with family. Okay, good. But that might be their reason for coming. But they also might be unemployed. They don't have a job because they haven't come with a job. They've just come to live with their family, but that doesn't mean they're going to start looking for work. So they would class in the uk's unemployed figures. Okay? So they would be classed as unemployed. Remember we had the two graphs, one that showed unemployed and one that showed the claimant count. The claimant count of people that got money from the government because they were unemployed. So these people that came for family have only just come into the country. They might be unemployed looking for work. So they would count in our unemployment numbers, but not in our claimant count numbers because to be part of the claimant count, you usually have to have been there and claiming benefit off the government. So they might not be able to get any unemployment benefit from the government, but they may still be clussed as unemployed. It's not easy for them to get unemployed. Yeah unemployment, money difference, climate accounts. Yeah okay. Yeah, Oh, got it. Okay, what else could we say? What else could we say about any of these things in relation to unemployment? Another. What about this? What about this one? What are we going to say about this? There was an increase in immigration for work up to three. So it sells into 20, 22220 8000. Yeah, Yeah in that there is a huge immigration. What if amount of jobs stay the same? What happens to. Unemployment then well, if the jobs stays the same, which means 38000. But now it is 228000. So there's a huge increase in unemployment rate because there's a huge immigration, but the job doesn't increase. So more so much very good, very good. And what what is a consequence if there is if there's a oversupply of labor, what happens to like the wage rates and things like that marates. If there is oversupply because of the more because the increasing in the demand in the huge increase in demand. So Yeah, there's an oversupply and oversupply in the goods and. Services. So let me think. Yeah, there will be increase the price to decrease the demand. So the purchasing power of each other will decrease. So there may be inflation. Yeah, Yeah or and maybe they and for these workers, they need to work more time, more hours, so they need more wages. So that is one cost of cost to push inflation, which which is which is the x pact expect for the workers, because the worker wants more wages. So the costs will increase and the purchase and the price of goods will increase. So that will lead to the inflation. So imrecognimaybe not a good, good thing. I think you're exactly right. And you have to argue both sides, because you argue very well that immigration increases aggregate demand etcec. And remember what I said to you in these longer essays, you have to say both sides of it. So you do the, Oh, it increases the economy, increases our good demand, blah, blah, blah, and you do that one very well. But you also have to give some negatives of it. Exactly right. And then you have to say, well, it depends whether the bad parts of it are more sort of important than the good parts of it. Which one has the bigger impact? So you're exactly right. There is good and there is bad. You're very good. You did the good. Now tell me, Yeah, it could cause bad as well. Like that's what we want to see. We want to see both sides in these in these essays. So Yeah, very good. Very good. Another evaluation point. Tell me about unemployment. Okay? Think about people coming into the uk, think about immigrants into the uk. And then do you think that. All sectors of jobs will be affected the same. So. Now remember, we're generalising, okay? We talk, we stereotype, we talk in large sort of quantities. Obviously there's always exceptions to these rules, but we're talking about employment and unemployment. Would all sectors across you know the uk be affected the same with this increase in immigration or what sort of people are coming into the country and what sort of jobs do they want? Do you understand what mean? What sort of jobs they want. Jobs will affected the same. Will unemployment be the same across all areas? Are these highly skilled people? Are these highly skilled people? Yeah, that's what I'm asking you. Maybe maybe not. Ge, more wage, more holidays, more working hours. No, let's working hours. Because they have the higher scale, they can improve the productivity, they can mimake innovation to make more potential jobs. Nurses, doctors, the nurses, doctors, these are the type of people as well that kind of come in Yeah smells, Yeah this skills are unique and some and other people can't replace it. Yeah very good. What about if you think about what type of jobs would would these people want that are also studying? So think about people at University, what sort of jobs would they want part a time job? Talk to me about underemployment. Try and get underemployment in there and talk to me about that. Yeah, okay. Under high employment means somewhere well to work. But. But the firm, but but they cannot work as much as as much time as they think as they want, maybe as they want. So formal study means some. Some. University students, they need they need to study in the weekdays and they can and they can do some part time job in the on the weekend. Some students think, some students think they may. Some students think they may get some part, maybe they want to earn more money, but they need study, so they cannot not work the whole day. Good. Good. So it would be those sort of part time jobs that actually they would all be wanting very good. What else? Do you think the impact of immigration depends on the type of immigrants like we talked about? If they were highly skilled, what would be. What would be the impact if they were low skilled immigrants would impact if they were low skilled. Well, as I mentioned, some jobs, like nurses or doctors have unique skills. But but some people who have low skwho have low skill. Maybe they just find ny some low wage. They they can, they just finding some low age job, and maybe this job, this kind of job can, this kind of kinds of job can be replaced easily. So that will inquiry. So if that is, if I should talk about the impact of someone or low scale ill immigrants, immigrants, so maybe they are, they will increase unemployment rate because their job, their jobs can be replaced easily by anyone. Yeah. Yeah. And the uk, I mean, it has some low skilled jobs, but a lot of the jobs in the uk are a bit more skilled arenthey. Like we've not got a lot of facwe, haven't got that many factories, etcetera. So in the uk, which kind of job is low wage? It would be something like supermarkets, factories. Restaurants you know like waiters and waitresses, you know if you went into McDonald's that would be quite a low wage ge. Okay, okay, okay so Yeah, because I haven't seen the haven't seen some someone who is employed to clean the road so some jobs Yeah there are some jobs disappeared in the uk maybe Yeah it's not as we're not as like efficient with things like that. There would be the road sweyou. Often you see you don't see a person cleaning the road. Very rarely you see them in the little like bands with the, I don't know what you call them, not like sweeper bits, you know the little fans that dry Brown. But I know what you mean. I know what you mean. There's there's not a lot of those sort of jobs we could do with a lot more of that. It would make the uk a lot nicer. Have you got snow where you are? Is it snowed? No. Is it not snowed? No, it's not snowed. Oh, Oh, no, no. I just wondered. Okay, so Yeah, they were low skilled immigrants. But what do we know about remember, always remember other bits of economics we know. What do we know about low paid, low skilled people? What do they do with their money? Low paid, low scaled. They may be low paid, low scill people who sell, firstly they have low wage. So secondly, they will maybe someone will they will buy inferior goods or or nonormal goods because they do not, they can not afford the luxury goods. And then they may be the someone were willing to save but not save. The more it depends on the interest rate and they will think about whether they should save. Yeah, Yeah they've got, we call it a high propensity to spend, don't they? They don't save as much, these people high propensity to spend and the money. Then what happens with that money? It goes round the. Money sort of money cycle doesn't it goes around and kind of builds up. So that's quite good. Okay, let's have a look at, see if there's any other quotes we could use. Okay, what about this? An estimated thousand 100, 3160 people emigrated from the uk. So if we've got people coming in, but we've also got people going out, what could we say about that in relation to employment and unemployment? If they've gone, we've got people coming in. We've talked about people coming in now talk about people going out and what that does for the economy and unemployment. Estimated 316000 people. Wow. A米。Yeah it means you've moved out of a country. Immigrants come in. Immigrate means you've gone out of a country. So you've immigrated from China. You've gone out, you've moved out of China to the uk for now and you're an immigrant into the uk. Yeah Yeah. In the year and in March 2014, a long term immigration has been relatively stable since 2010. So. So what does all these people moving out of the uk do to unemployment? To the opposite part. Emigrant emigrants that will decrease the GDP a slow let the economy growth slower and aggregate demand decrease because this less consumption and moover maybe there's. Yeah, nice productivity and. It's the exact opposite of immigration. Yeah, opposite than so. Is there another key point? No. I would just say the other thing I would be pointing out is that if if the people leaving the uk weren't replaced by people coming into the uk, then aggregate demand would decrease. And actually, the impact of people coming in needs to be balanced with the impact of people going out. Do you see what I mean? Because we've talked about so this is the uk. We've talked about the impact of these people coming in. Okay. I don't know why he suddenly got an arrow through him, but Yeah, so these are the people coming in. And but you've also got people leaving the uk. So it depends which one is bigger. Are there more people coming in? Unless people going out or are more people going out unless people coming in? Because obviously, if people go out, the workforce decreases. And then you've got to look at the type of people. You know coming in, we talked about skills and the type of people going out. Are the people going out like people that want to retire somewhere else? So actually, it doesn't impact the workforce. Are they people that are really highly skilled? Are they really educated people that want to move somewhere better? You know, we don't know this information from the data, but this would all be important with employment and unemployment. Do you understand? No. Okay. So we've talked about the impact we've talked about the impact on aggnigate demand of people coming in. Yep, into the uk yebut people are leaving the uk too. So we need to see. Okay. So basically we've talked about the impact on agurate demand of people coming into the uk and all the rest of it, but this tells us there are people leaving the uk as sorry, this Green one, there are people leaving the uk as well. Okay? So you've got people coming in and people going out. So we need to see if the numbers leaving and coming in are the same and which ones higher. Now we might not have the data, but we need to recognize this is important in our essay. So we might say something like, you know there are this many thousand people leaving the uk. It's been the same for many years. This could balance out against the immigration people talk about you know in the news in the uk, people talk about immigration all the time. People coming to the uk also. It's not just about the number of people coming in. It's also about the quality of people, like the type of people. Are they skilled people that are coming or leaving? Are they retired? Retired people, like older people, wouldn't have a job anyway. So if they come or go, it doesn't affect the unemployment. Or children, if they come and go, it doesn't affect the unemployment. But we don't know sort of more of the data. We only know the data we've got. So all of these factors, which we do not have information on, will affect the impact on unemployment in the uk. This is your sort of evaluation where you're taking the data and you're saying, but hang on, there are other things that could also impact it. What bit, what bit don't you understand what's bothering you? So in of immigration, of how where does this work? Tell me which word? Another word about an opposite immigration, emigrant emigrant emigration. Emigration. Yeah, okay. Migration. Okay. So for emigration of that this obto this, maybe they will increase the climate count because there's less people, less low wage people, maybe. But but it depends, doesn't it? So there's less people going out. Yeah reduce the claimant count. Yeah, they're going elsewhere. Good. But then what if the people that are emigrating are all highly skilled people or they're retired, or what if they're children? What if all the people that are going out wouldn't claim anyway? Do you understand what I mean, right? If you look at this, this tells us here. An estimated 316000 people left the uk right. I'm going to ask you a question. You're not going to know the answer to what type of people? Were they children? Were they old people? Were they people in good jobs? Were they people in no jobs? Were they criminals? What type of people were they? And what's your answer? You don't know, do you? So now evaluate this data, say, well, it depends whether it's children, old people, do you see what I mean? We haven't got enough information. And this is the evaluation part of these sort of essays where you say, well, actually we would want to know this or it would depend on this. So if all the 3116 people leaving the uk were people that didn't have a job that would decrease the claimant count, wouldn't it? They didn't have a job. So there so Yeah, maybe they are they have no job. So that is a good thing for so okay, so maybe I should divide it. So I should ask it in different parts. Yes, yes. Yes firstly they these people has no have no job so that will increase that will decrease the climate count that that will increase yes, no decrease the decrease decrease the climate Yeah if the people are leaving the uk Yeah Yeah that will decrease the climate count count and so Yeah that a good thing for the uk government. Secondly, if they are students or retired or retired that may be a bad thing for the uk government because they have the unique skills and experience. Yeah, maybe Yeah, Yeah. So maybe not retired. Go on. You do students yet? Do students go? Keep going students. Maybe is maybe students move on. So that will decrease under unemployment because this let ts students work. And thirdly, there is high skill people. Good if they are mimigrating. Yeah that thing for the uk government because they have the high scales that will decrease the productivity, decrease the ad, decrease economic growth. So Yeah, this this three part, yes. And what you're you're exactly right. You're exactly right. And what you say there is, so it depends upon which type of people are emigrating. As to the impact this has on unemployment, that is evaluation. Can you see what you did there? You took the figure and you said, well, hang on, this could be the case. This or this, that's what you need to do. Can you see that? That was really good? Yeah, that's evaluation. We haven't got enough information to tell us, have we? We don't know what type of people they were and the type of people really makes a difference. Good, good, good, good. Okay. Good, good kit. Got there. Have a look at the next one. Okay. Oh, 30 marker. Oh my goodness. Evaluate government policies that could be used to increase the employment rate in the uk, right? What sort of things do you think the government could do to increase employment in the uk? Have we got any any extracts? So what sort of things do you think the government could do to increase employment or decreincrease employment rate in the uk? So decrease unemployment, increase employment. What could the government do? They can encourage people to make more innovations because innovation may take will, because innovation will take more potential jobs, so more people can come here to work, can get the job and what what sort of things could go on. Keep going. Okay. Another point. No, expand that one. Okay, so if these are basically on something like this, you are going to need maybe four or five policies and you're going to need to talk about them and you're going to say what's good about them and bad about them. Okay? So you've said politics four or five, sorry, sorry, four or five policies to answer. Yeah, to answer or five you see here, evaluate government policies, you've got to evaluate them. So you've got to say what's good about them and what's bad about them. Okay. So you've said your one was encourage innovation. Yeah, Yeah, didn't you? That was your first one. So you've now told me about it. Ideally, we're going to talk about this. Okay. And what would be good and bad about encouraging innovation? Tell me the good things about it and the bad things about it. Don't rush on to the next one. You've got to do it and you've got to evaluate it, and then you do the next one. So what would be good about this policy encouraging innovation? How would they do it? Should I give you a clue of what I would say? Encourage in innovation. So Yeah, we can use P C so the pro a Public Productivity production production possibility curve production possibility and that will increase the that will have led the P C shift to the right. And they could do that by possibly investing in schools, couldn't they, to encourage innovation? What would be good and bad about investing in schools? Events that will increase education and and we can draw the long run as diagram that will increase that will increase. Well, that will increase the quantity demand goods that will increase the quantity demanded in the same price. And and quantity supply. So they need so they need more people to so they need more people to supply more goods. And they need to employ more people. Yeah, exactly. So that decreases unemployment, very good. But what's a big disadvantage about edge investing in schools? I mean, you kind of touched on it when you said long run aggregate supply. Is it does it do anything quickly? Anything quickly? Is it a quick okay, is it long term or short term project? Not it is long term, long term, long run, a aggregated smart eye. So it's for it's for long term that will increase employment rate. Yes. So it doesn't do anything quickly because you've got to wait for these people to come through education. Very nice. Okay. Next one, what other things could we do? Shall I give you some examples if you can't think of any or you okay to keep kind of. Employment rates. Yeah. They can decrease the. Barries of entry. Oh, nice. Yeah. Tell me about that one. Good. Do you mind want to do that one later? Do the second dividers, the whole thing into different, they can set set up more the motivation of labor. Because that will increase because that will decrease the Barries of entry. Is that Barries barof entry? Yeah are you talking about are you talking about like other people investing in businesses in the uk, you know multinationals coming in and investing in the uk? So you're talking about barriers to entry to employment. You're talking about barriers barriers. They can decrease the barriers of entry Yeah of of entry entry. So so they can so more people who has low skill, who has low skills, they have the job, for example. The waiter at the waiter in the McDonald's that maybe they can Devor I mentioned that they can set up more division of labels in the factory because that will that is very simple just to focus on one action note. Yeah not the whole difficult thing. Yeah Yeah very good. Yeah and that would mean that more people would be able to work. Perfect. Okay. So. The fourth of this employment rate. Maybe the government can give more spending. I mean, the way fare. To. To the two factories of essential goods. And and decrease their costs so they can product produce more product, do more goods, essential goods like eggs or milk. So so these factories need more people to work in their factories so that that will increase employment rate. Nice. Ise, nice. Can I just say that is a very good point. And they could do that even more where they encourage factories to do that where there are high lots of people that are unemployed. So you might have certain areas of the country where there's lots of people that are unemployed, and then the government could do that more in those areas. So they wouldn't say necessarily do that in London, but they might find that there's some poorer areas in the north. And they may say, okay, we will help factories to set up in the north, exactly like you've said, to make essential goods, which if we put it in a location where there's lots of unemployed people, they will be able to work in those factories. What about this one? Reducing unemployment benefits for the for the claimants, the amount of unemployment, that's my fifth point. Okay, sorry. Okay, Yeah reduce unemployment benefits. If people have have so much unemployment benefit as would they were not willing to. Funny, the jobs. So they should. So, so if the government reduce es unemployment benefits, they need to, they have to find the jobs to get a ways and buy essential goods. Yep, which just encourages them to do that ethically. People don't like it, but actually, it really does work. I tell you one thing they could do, the government could do. Providing more child care. Child care, why would that help reduce unemployment? Who would that help? Okay, okay, okay. The international logic for this. So help with providing more child care. So. Maybe they can maybe they can improve the kindergarten or or in the uk because some workers are getting married and they have babies and babies cannot baby cannot look after look after themselves. So when is an it's after school time in the kindergarten? Some workers were not willing to walk for more hours in the farms and they need to they need to look after their babies. So if they, if that will help with providing more child care, some these babies can be can be looked after by the professions, professionals. These workers were more pleasant or willing Yeah this workers were well, more willing to work for more hours for more hours so they they can take more product productivity for this. Exactly right. Exactly right. Yeah. I'm trying to think if we've got any more and. I think we've done the main ones, haven't we? Yeah. I think your conclusion would be something like overall, it depends on why people are unemployed as to which policy would work better because the policies really help different people. And maybe the real answer would be doing a bit of all of these policies together. And that may be the thing that helps reduce unemployment the most. The government may just one policy isn't the best thing they have to do all of the policies together. Good. Where's the next question? Lots of paper. Okay, here we go. Growth, productivity, blah, blah, blah. Let's see what the question is. Explain how our uk ilo unemployment is measured. Okay. So we know it's not measured. So the uk ilo unemployment was the measure of. So it's a measure of people who are not in work. It's done by surveys. They do surveys. It does not look at who's claiming government benefit because that's the claimant count only. It includes that and other types of employment, such as between jobs and voluntary unemployment. Okay. Can you remember there were two measures, one that looks at all unemployment and one that looks unemployed people, all kinds of and that will include the, but that is full Marks. So that will include climate account, which is some people who who has received the government benefit, the government unemployed benefits, and it's a full Marks. So really we should include some figures. So I would put that in and that. I would just put the figures in. Yeah in our answers. Not too hard. Explain two possible problems for the uk economy of 35% of the unemployed being out of work for more than twelve months now, it's an eight mark two problems. So you're gonna to have four Marks for the first problem and four Marks for the second problem. With these type of questions, I would really, really answer them. The first problem is answer it. Then you want your quote. You're using your information out of the case study, and then you know this leads to do. And then the second problem is quote, and then really where it says two problems like this really make it separate. Sometimes I even say to people that what they should do is make it really obvious. And you kind of write your first problem you know, on your essay like this and then leave a line and then your second problem. So it makes it really clear because when marking these, okay, if they're not done like this, then they're really mixed up and you're trying to work out, well, hang on, this four Marxes for this and this four Maris for that. And if they kind of mix them up, it's more difficult. But when it's like this, it's really easy. Oh, okay, they've done that bit. They've done that bit and they go, so they've got, I don't know, three out four and then this one, all of they've got four out four for this bit. Really easy to mark, really easy to give you the Marks. So where it says something like that embold like two, make sure you make it really clear in your answer. This is my first one. This is my second one. Okay, don't kind of mix them together. So let's go back to the question. Explain two possible problems for the uk economy. That 35% of unemployed being out of work for more than twelve months. That's it. Say, Oh, Yeah. So what you think would be a problem if somebody didn't work for more than twelve months? What would be one problem? Than twelve months a time, I reached only 35%. Push people quickly back to what jobs are whatever jobs are available. They will decrease unemployment rates and this and this kind. There's another benefit that is that will decrease climate counts because more people are working. Okay. Yeah just be working with the job. Yeah Yeah be careful because the question is problems. What is the problem for them being out of work? But that amount of time, there's not enough no, maybe there's not enough job for them. But what's the problem for the uk economy? I would say your two most obvious problems are the cost of people being out of unemployed. And the other one would be like it would be harder. Right. So they would be the two. I would focus. I would focus. My first problem would be the cost long term. If they are out of out of work for twelve months, think of the cost, the and what money they're getting from the government. Okay, so talk to me about that one. What would be a bad thing about someone being unemployed for that long? The the cost harder to get back into the work scale there two different points. That's one point and that's other. There's another employment because someone cannot do some high skill high skill work. So there's frictional unemployment after this after this encouragement from the uk economy. So some people still have no job because they cannot find another job because some another low scaled work is both people Yeah very good. Very good. And if they can't find a job and they haven't found a job that amount of time, and they are claiming benefit, what happens to them? What what is it good for the economy? Or is it very expensive for the government to be paying these people to do nothing? Maybe. That's not very expensive for them for for the government to pay for them, but that is costs and they cannot avoid Yeah and they're not productive. It's not what we want. Is it? Good. And then it's harder to get back into work, isn't it? If they've not if they've not been in work for a long time, if someone's not been in work and technology is moved on, they may need more training to be able to go back into the workforce. Might and they Yep. Okay. Have you got any questions on any of that? No, no. Okay, good, good, good, good. All right, then when did you go back to school? Tomorrow. Tomorrow. Okay. Well, have ever a good first day back at school? All right, then meet you soon. Bye bye.