Okay, I'll give miss them back. Perfect. Okay, I'll just wrote some bits up for you for when we get to that question. I just had a quick book through the questions. Okay, right. Employment and unemployment. So this first one the number of unemployed people persons uk as measured by the claimant count in thousands. Can you remember the claimant count meant a measure of money in and out? Yeah it's the claimant count is specifically think about benefits. Remember this is now unemployed people and related to benefits. What would be the claimant count? I count. A measure of the whole the whole amount of unemployed people, good, who are claiming unemployment benefit? Yeah, exactly right. But just that extra little bit, the claim account is how many people are claiming that benefit from the government. So there might be some people that are unemployed. So say, for example, let's just pretend your Auntie, I don't even know if you have an Auntie, she decides to go traveling and see the world for six months. She isn't working. That's what she wants to do. And she goes off. She is technically unemployed, but she's not claiming benefit. So she wouldn't be working, but she also wouldn't be claiming anything from the government because she's off traveling, enjoying her life. Do you see what I mean? So the claimant count is specifically those people that are not working that are relying on the government to give them money. Yeah. So there's it's a very slight difference, okay, because some people choose to be unimportant, choose to not be in work, but those sort of examples, you know, maybe housewives, they might be choosing to be out of not in work, but they have you know, a partner or husband you know who supports them. So they don't claim any money. So they're not working. They're not adding to the economy in the traditional sense, but they are not claiming from the government either. Okay. So this is the claimaccount Oh, easy calcucenis change in the number of uk unemployed people between April and July gone. You're on your own there. You don't need my help. Engage. April and June. April, June. 900-894. Divided by eight. Hundred and 94 times 100. Not point. 0.71%. Yeah good good good good presentage changes you're fine with explain one likely reason, okay? The first thing we're looking at is this, by the way, two Marks, one likely reason for the increase in the number of people unemployed in the uk of time uk over the time period shown. So why are there going to be more people. Unemployed? Why is unemployed people increasing? Yeah. Now you're not going to know the answer. You just need to give a likely reason. So why would it be that there would be more people unemployed? Maybe it's an inflation. Tell me because when there's when there's inflation, the per the price of goods will increasing and the purchasing power will decreasing. So and the purchasing power will decreing on. You're right. Keep going. So what does not maybe, maybe, maybe it's no relevance to say that. Okay, let me start again. Hang on, you can start again. But you could have done it because what youhave said next, I'll let you do another one. But just so you know, you could have said, well, therefore purchasing power decreases. This means that people are buying less luxury goods and less items with their money, which leads to increasing unemployed people as people aren't going to restaurants et tera as much. So you could have done it. You just needed that extra step cause you were saying they can't buy as much. Therefore demand falls. Anyway, you go, you go. So Yeah if there's a inflation I think that maybe is a cost to push is that a cost push? It doesn't Yeah cost push demand Yeah it would be cost push inflation Yeah so the price of goods so the price Yeah the cost of the raw material will increase increase anyway the total to the cost will the company will increase so they cannot afford the afford as same the same wage as before. So they cannot employ so much people, so many so many people. So there's there's an increasing unemployment rate. Very good. Yeah, perfect. Perfect. Very nice. Okay, this is what I put on earlier. Which one of the following types of unemployment is most likely to be caused by a technological change in an industry? So which one of these is most likely to be caused by technology sort of increase? So cyclical unemployment, real wage unemployment, seasonal or structural. Now what I did, well, you were sorting things out as I wrote down what each of these types of employment means to help you, just in case, because this is quite a niche bit. He technology change. I choose the structural unemployment. Good. It's the only one that has any relevance at all. You're exactly right. It's the only one that has any relevance at all to any sort of change in technology. Yeah. So you're exactly right. Do you know what those types of employment were? Would you have known them if those definitions haven't been there? And if not, make sure you take a screenshot of those definitions of types of unemployment. I know this and I made and I wrote it down before. So Yeah, I know that. Perfect. Uk unemployment rate is a percentage of all those economically active, seasonally adjusted, from 2008 to 2018. With reference to the chart above, ff explained one likely economic effect of the change in uk unemployment rate between 2012 and 2018. Just always be careful as well with these questions if it's talking about employment or unemployment because obviously at this case, we've got unemployment that has gone down, hasn't it? So with reference to explain one likely economic effect of the change in the unings and what would be an economic impact in the of the change in that? Now three, I would be making sure I use some kind of number off here if I could. Three Marks. You can scroll up and down if you want. Yeah you've got the thing. Economic effect of the change in the economic unemployment rate between 2012 and 2018. Economic effect on the change in the uk unemployment rate. So first of all, what happened to unemployment rate? Give me a number and then tell me any in 20, 22. Oh my God, maybe it's need an estimate. So in 2012. 8.3% and in 20 1818 it is 4.3%. So it is an it is a decreasing it is a decrease in unemployment rate. Good. And what's and so you're exactly right. And what what likely economic effect. Would that lead to. Economic effect effect of the change in unemployment risk. So that means the result is that the result? Yeah what would happen if if if unemployment started going down? What would be an effect on the economy if unemployment rate goes down? If unemployment rate goes down, there are more people, there are more people working in the fact in the companies. So maybe in the firms. So the consumption will increase and make the consumption will increase because more people can afford, the more good can afford. Or afford to consumption afafford of consumption and then they can increase the GDP. So so there's economic growth and then the and then they will increase aggregate demand because aggregate demand equal to consumption plus investment, plus government spending, plus net exports. Thin everything. Well done. Yeah, always good. Very nice. Yep, easily got your three Marks there. Which one of the following policies is most likely to reduce the unemployment rate in the uk. 我了the。Sounds like reduce unemployment rate, decrease in direct tax on company profits, company profit decreases in quantitative easing, increase in government payments to the unemployment rate, increase in the uk based interest rate, which jwish. Not ruling some out. If there's an increase in government payments to unemployed that's going to increase unemployment with Yeah more people not willing to work. Yeah. So not that. One uk base interest rate increases the cost of borrowing which means interest rate goes up increase Yeah if the cost of borrowing for each people will increase maybe thereabout increase I preliamentary rates Yeah and it's for the the key to that is it's expensive for businesses to borrow and a lot of businesses borrow you're exactly right. And therefore that you know decreases employment so increases the unemployment rate. So it's not that one maybe Yeah the cost of the cost of each farwill increase those they have to increase the unemployment rate. Exactly. Very good. Very good. This one company profits decrease in direct or maybe a maybe a decrease in direct tax on company profits. So they have more money to give for give for wage. Yeah, they can they've got more options, haven't they? They've got more spare money to employ people and also there's the more incentive to grow because they're paying less tax. So they want to grow. They you know they've got the the option of. You know not not being taxed. So they want to make as much as possible quantitative easing or puts money into the economy. So a decrease in that would take money out of the economy, which would increase unemployment again. So Yeah, not an easy question. That one that was a bit of a we had to think about that one. I always like to go for the easy ones, get rid of the easy ones first, right? The chart below shows the uk unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, from 2008 to 2015. Which one of the following types of unemployment best explains the change in the data between 2082 ten? All. And in data between 2820 2000 and 82010. Still increase, but economically active increasing, increasing and decreasing. Sdecrease, is it sorry, does it tell you? Okay, economically active? I would say, well. Which thoughts I think on a lot of these on two of them you haven't got enough information to say and one of them you haven't got the seasons Yeah this one this seano well seasons would be we haven't got enough think that is season. No, it's not because you would need to see like it's split into you know the year and it be like really high here and then really low and it to do it again the next year and it hasn't got any of that of the in between the years are not the same, are they? Like there's no pattern for the seasons, is there? So that's wrong. This one and this one. You haven't got enough information to say because this is about people's choices, voluntary ers, them choosing to do it and frictional, this is where it's like a choice where it's between jobs. And so we haven't got any information with this. The only one we can say is this one voluntary, is that again, you haven't got enough information to say. That's where you voluntary. Like remember, I gave the example of your aunt going traveling. She's chosen to make herself unemployed. It's it's it's not like, Oh, you're unemployed and you want a job. You actually don't want a job. Yeah. So haven't we haven't got enough information for those two because this is just the data. It doesn't tell us anything about why these people are unemployed, does it? The only one we can know is that actually it's cyclical. It shows a cyclical unemployment because this is a longer term. Or long term cyclical. Why that is cyclical, not voluntary. It can't be voluntary, because voluntary unemployment is about the reason that someone's unemployed. And this information here doesn't show us the reasons for people being unemployed. It just gives us the percentage. This is more of a reason. We don't know if these people have chosen or not. All we've got is the percentage. The data doesn't tell us, does it? We haven't got the right data to tell us. Okay. So we don't know whether it is fall. No, we can't say that it's voluntary because we don't know the wordefinition of the voluntary unemployment is where you've chosen to be unemployed. Chosen to be I point, okay. So if, for example, you now decide to take a year out and go traveling, that's voluntary unemployment. You've chosen to be unemployed. It's sort of like unemployment, but don't look it as a bad thing because that's what the person wants. Okay. Yeah. But we don't know that because this is just a percentage. So it's cyclical because that's long term. Okay. Between 2008 and 2014, the number of people in the uk looking to work longer hours. And therefore receive more total Burt pay increased from this to this over the same period. The unemployment rate fell to this. With reference to the statement below, explain the term underemployed. Okay. What do you think underemployment is? Under unemployment? Yeah. Under employment, not under unemployment, but underemployed? Yeah. There's some unemployment means there's some. There's some potential. Productivity Yeah go right. You could they could be more productive. What does it mean for the person? For and I forget, okay, now that's okay. So under employment is basically where you have a job. But not as many hours as you would like. You want to work more. To earn more. So for example, say you wanted you got a job and they said, okay, you can have ten hours a week, okay, that's not enough for you because you want to work more and earn more, but you're now not unemployed because you have a job. You just don't have a job that gives you enough hours or gives you enough money. So you have maybe a little part time job, but that isn't enough for you. Do you understand what that means? Underemployed. So you're not unemployed. I'll have a job. I have a job, but this firm doesn't allow me to work more hours because when I walk more hours, they should pay more wages for me. Yep. And you want to work more, so you want to more bumps, but the form doesn't allow me. Good. And that's you being underemployed. So you have more. I think this is what you were going to say at the beginning. You have more capacity, more resources you could give that's not being utilized. And because it's a three marker, what do we need to include? We need to include something from here. So can you tell me how you would manage to include? Remember, I told you something about the numbers is always good to include. So what could you put in here about the underemployed? So in this soyeah, in this article or Yeah Yeah let maybe in this data, in this given data. The number. Of people in the uk looking looking to work longer hours has been has been increased from seven, six, four, eight, two, two, one, four, two, seven, 88. Briant Yeah. And at the same time, and at the same time, the unemployment rate fell to 5.7% between 28 between 2008 and 2014. Good. Good. Exactly. So we would answer the question what underemployment is, which is you have a job, but the company won't give you more hours, so it won't pay you as much. This leads to your under utilization of your resources. And this has and then you put your numbers in there. Perfect three Marks. Thank you very much. Easy question. Yeah, happy. Yeokay, which one of the following it is the most likely reason for a fall in the unemployment rate. Brangame four is the unemployment grade firstly not be not decreasing real GDP. If that is decreasing real GDP I think maybe that is rise in the unemployment rate. Agreed. Increasing consumer spending for in Yeah stay increasing consumer spending because more people spending more people would have to be employed to kind of provide them services will be needed Yeah more people will be needed. So I have a question for this. So if under unemployment means I want to work more hours, but as a firdoesn't allow, so so so if I want to walk more so I can earn more money. Okay, so I have a question for this. If company forced me to work more hours, so is that a lot allowed in the uk? It depends on your contract. But what a lot of companies did is they employed people and they said, Oh, Jackson, we only want to pay you for ten hours a week and here's a job. But Oh, we might give you more hours going forward. You know you might get more hours, so you not wanting to be unemployed and you know if jobs are hard to get, you know if the economy's in a recession, you might say, okay, I'll have those ten hours and they will only have to pay you for those ten. And then if they're busy, they can call you in and say, Oh, Jackson, come in, we're busy. And you can go in and work more that week. But then when they have quiet times, you would only get your ten hours. Now they can they can't boss, if you've got a contract that says you can, you only have to work ten hours a week. They can't force you to work more hours. But at the same time, they could then you know, not be very not be very happy with you if you didn't. And they might say, Oh, you know, make up some other excuse or make it difficult for you and you know, try and employ someone else who will. So they can't force you to, but they can make things very difficult. Okay, okay. The table bshows the claimant count again. Remember claimant count. How many people are claiming unemployment? Oh, sorry. Define collect claimdecline. Define claimant count. Yeah climate pyeah. The whole unemployment people no no, it's not who are payment count is who are. The amount of unemployed people who have received the unemployment benefit? Excellent. Yes. Yes. And it's different from the number of unemployed people because you know there's people that choose to be employed etcetera. Calcuate percentage change in the claimaccount from August fourteenth to February fifteenth. Well, then I'm not helping you. They change they love a percentage change that they Edexcel, love a percentage change to February. -10.7%. Yeah. Which one the following is likely to cause a reduction in the claimant count reduction when I account reduction. So that means less people receive Yeah less people Yeah less people receive unemployment benefits increase weekly payment for cliants compulsory weekly interview for every climate increase in the size for workforce Yeah the see see an increase in size of the workforce. More people work lepeople get unemployment benefits. See, I read that differently. I read an increase in the size of the workforce. I read that as immigration. So more people coming in, there might be more people unemployed. I've had it as this one. Because if you're every week, you've got to go and have an interview to get your benefit. I think less people would go less people would claim unemployment benefit. Oh, maybe. It's definitely not that one. A fall in employment. No, because less if there's less employment, more people will be claiming an increase in the size of the workforce. If there's more workforce. And there's more people coming in, then I think the claimant count goes up. Yeah, it's this one. People aren't going to want to do a weekly interview. The chart below shows that uk regional unemployment in December 23, as measured by both International Labour organimeasure of unemployment and the claimant count. Okay, which Hong come? So this just measures general unemployment and this is obviously the people claiming the money here. So more people are unemployed than claiming the money. So we've got to now see which one of these, right? You're going to have to go back and forward because. This is messy. Do you want to scroll up and down? We inferred from the chat to the noreast northeast. And has a lost number of people. People according to unemployment, people according to both measures of unemployment, both both the claim account and the other ones. So what it's saying is the northeast is going to be the lowest on both of them. So the north, Yeah, I see. I see north northeast. So where is it? Uk, okay, northeast, the lowest number of unemployment people. Lowest number of unemployment people, unemployment employment people. So I should just look at the ilo. You know, look on both counts, it said so it meant this one. And this one because there's two ways of counting unemployed people. Yes, said don't look. It said here on to both measures. First of all, both measures. No. So is it west? Yeah. Southwest is lower. Yeah, Yeah, Yeah. So that's wrong. Yeah. Okay. So that's wrong. So it's wrong. So b, according to climate measure, there were more than twice as many as people employed in London and the as in the climate calmeasure only than twice as many. London more than. London South east Yeah South East and London嗯。So we're looking at the dark gray ladsoutheast. So it says the climate, climate count raso, climate counthis one. And this one twice. No, that's not twice. Agreed. London had the highest number of unemployment people, unemployed people according to both measures of unemployment, I would guess so it would make logical sense, but I don't know what the chart says. Except we'll let go to the charsay. Is London the highest on both of them? Honest. Yeah this cracked both, which makes sense, doesn't it, that you would think that London had the most unemployed people because London's the biggest? Yeah, good. Okay. With reference to the chart, explain why the ilo measure of unemployment is different, the claimant count for all regions. So why is the general measure of unemployed people different to the claimant count? The number of people that claim unemployment benefit, why is that different for all the regions? I O measures of. Unemployment is different to the climate confor all regions. It's different for all regions, okay? Okay, this one I think two Marks for definition, two Marks from this graph. Yep. So firstly, first mark, ilo measures the whole unemployment people. And the second point, climate count, measures unemployment people who have who have who have received, who have received. Unemployment benefit. Third point third point in this. Why are they different? Why are they different? Tell me why they different? Oh Yeah God, are you going to use the data first? Yeah go use the data. The difference of them Yeah the the third point, the difference of them is that some people are unemployment, are are unemployed. Some people are unemployed but they and not received unemployment benefits. Because maybe they're too wealthy or they because don't qualify because. Because can say because then that is frictional unemployment. Nice. Nice. Yes, yes. Because some unemployment is frictional. Yeah Yeah the fourth point. Yeah, the fourth point. So some numbers, the numbers. Okay. For example, in northeast there are 100 and and 30 thousands of people. Which records in ilo but they are just but they are just 75 people receive the unemployment benefit over good. The only thing I'm just going to just be very careful with when you said One Hundred Fifth whatever 175 make sure you you put make sure you put about and put 75000Yeah because it's thousands always just be a little bit careful of that. Yeah Yeah good but no, that was perfect. Perfect. I'm being sort of really picky now. I'm being sort of like picking up really little small things because you don't really well, okay, figure one unemployment. Let's put crime. So again, a very notice how the questions are similar again, like the difference between the two. Difference between the two just different raps. Okay. I put it with reference to figure one. Explain one reason. Oh, it's the same question. Do you want to do it again or should we move on? It's the same question with different graphs. Four Marks okay Yeah same Yeah the same question but. Can I PaaS can we PaaS this question? Yeah, of course we can because literally we've just literally done it. But the same question, but it's very good to know. It's very good to know that they come up again and again, you know repeat questions because it's good for you. Okay. With reference to extract b and figure one, discuss the likely impact of migration on unemployment and employment. Okay, so we're going to talk about migration on employment and unemployment extract b and figure one. X B and figure one, that's figure one. Okay, that's figure one extract b. Inward migration levels among the highest ever recorded. It's an estimated six 500 size 60 500 sounds Unno 650650 50000Yeah 650000 people moving to the uk. So there's inward migration and then unemployment remains the most common reason the common reason around which around 182000 of these of these with I definite job and 130000 looking for work. Yep. So was a question, how does migration affemployment and unemployment 50Marks, so impact of migration on employment and unemployment. And the figure one and extract extract b figure one was the difference between payment account and employment. So I see the time in June 2016. Good. Yeah. So what happened in 20 figure one is that figure one go up? Yeah, Yeah, that's figure one. Yeah, Yeah, figure one. 26 this one. And this one. Maybe that is not polite. 1.55. Yeah 1.6 what? Yeah whatever really just as long as you say approximately you can get away with it. It's about two times so Yeah two times. So there just a half people receive the unemployed benefits among the whole I employed the people. And let me check so Yeah that Yeah that maybe they they can worth some point in figure one Yeah because in 2016 the there are let me see I Oh there are 1.6 million unemployed people but just 0.8 million people received received unemployment benefits. So let me let me check the extract b Yeah extract b so in in June 2016 in there's inward migration and the inward migration gets gets the highest the highest number which was 650000. This is an increase of around 11000 from the previous year. Link that to aggregate demand. Ds, see if you can link that first Yeah, link that first thing to aggregate demand before you go on to the next quote. Tes, okay, that will to the that will lead to the increasing in consumption and GDP. So there's economic growth and then the increase in aggregate demand because the formula in aggregate demand is c plus I plus J plus N X. Yep. And these extra people will have added to that good, very nice extra. And and Yeah, there are more workforce and there will increase the productivity and there's new experience for them. Good. How would you link that to a production possibility? How would you link that to a production possibility? Frontier as well. Ppc. I would say whichever ppc the curve or the frontier. So for this one that will land the that will let the ppf curve shift to the right because there's more force Yep. Which again could decrease unemployment, couldn't it? Because maybe I can. Yeah. Yeah. Good. Employed remains the most common reason. Remains the most common reason. Around 182000 of these coming with a definite job. Yeah. So hang on. So this thing here. How could that possibly link to unemployment? This this Green bit? If they don't come with a job, are they unemployed? Company job and looking for work, looking for work, so that is employed, unemployed, unemployed, we are unemployed. So for the long term migration to work with around ten, 108, 190, 2000 of these come in with definite job and 130000 looking for work. So these people are unemployed. So the bad thing is more people mean more people represent more the higher unemployment rate. And in that graph, we can know that the. Let me see the figure one in figure one in figure one. In 2016, there's lowest employment. Which isn't what we expected, was it from what we were going to say? But you're allowed to say that we see that, yes, unemployment people is increasing in figure one. So let me say another long term migration to the uk for study was estimate to be long term migration. In addition, 80000 long term migrant migrants arrived in the uk to accompany their own families. There were. 41. 41, 280 refused apply for asylum, including departments with. Usually seven offers of us. Yes, I cannot usually accept offers of employment while the case is being procprocess Yeah being like go through the system. So they come in and they apply for asylum and it isn't just yes or no. It's well, they're doing all the forms, you know and it's going through the system, going through the system process like illegal no. What happens? The the government hasn't said yes or hasn't said no yet. The people are waiting. What it says is while the people are waiting to see if their asylum application has been accepted, they're not allowed to work. They just have to wait because they don't know if they're going to be a yes or a no. It's still being looked at. It's still being processed. So while it's being processed, while it's being looked at to decide whether yes or no, they're not allowed to work this or no, what's that? Yeah. So when when people come to the uk, say wanting asylum, so asylum is where they say, Oh, we can't go back to our own country because we'll get hurt or killed and we have to stay here. Please let us stay. Yeah, that's called asylum. So the government looks at their case and while they're looking at their case, that person is not allowed to work because they're at that point, they don't know whether the government's going to say, yes, you can stay or no, you have to go back to your own country. So until they know that yes, they can stay, they've got a yes, they're not allowed to work. So they would be unemployed in the uk. No, right. Yeah yes you okay. Yeah they cannot usually accept offers from of unemployment while the case has been processed. So okay, I know this process is been allowed so before they have been allowed they are unemployed. So Yeah although some people are finding their jobs, but it needs time for the firms to look through their look look through their their qualifications. Yeah good there more people. So but but there's less unemployment rate. So how do you say that? I would say that what you say is that we've got more people. So we would. Have expected unemployment. To be higher. Bigger one shows it is actually at the lowest, isn't it? But we but Yeah, we think unemployment rate will be higher, but figure one shows it actually lothe lofor years. But and this is because. The increase in aggregate demand is greater than the sort of impact of more people. So overall, there is a net economic gain. Yeah, because what we say there's more people is bad because there's more people unemployed. But actually the economic growth has of more people being there has actually made more jobs. The increase in aggregate ag, Oh, sorry. Ad, sorry. So because the increase in aggregate demand greater than the impact of more people. So overall there's economic gain, economic net economic gain. Okay. So aggregate demand, there's more consumption, more more government spending. So there is a lowest number that's so and that's bigger people. But Yeah, what is a benefit? Yeah, okay. Yeah, Yeah. So all right. Yeah, I got it, got it, got it. All right, then I will see you tomorrow. Have a lovely evening, bye miss.