Hello? Hello, Isabella. How are you? I'm am fine. Sorry, I'm just fixing my microphone. Can you speak here and for me? Sorry, I'm fine. Okay, good. I can hang you out. How was your day today, Isabella? Good, what did you do today? I went to school. What did you do in school? What subjects did you have today? 嗯，不呀。History, history. Are you still doing badminton? And p, Yeah, Yeah. Are you still enjoying it? Yes, okay good. Well I'm glad you had a good day. I'm glad you did batminton today Isabella today is gonna to be continuing on from the previous lesson so previous Lesme talked about the first speakers and what the role of the first speaker is this lesson it's going to be sort of part two of that one adding on to that lesson is that okay? Okay. Yeah okay, cool. So. Today we'll learn about how to define motions as a part of a basic skill for a first speaker. So remember, we talked about last lesson of how the first speaker of the affirmative team get to define the motion, right? So the first speaker of the affirmative team sets the motion for both teams, right? So they get to define the motion or define the terms. And even if the negative team doesn't like that definition, they still have to go along with it. So they follow everyone follows definition set by the first speaker overall. So this last one to talk a bit more about that, absolutely. Just going to get oops, sorry, just going to get a tissue. Okay, so. Sorry, just making sure my laptop's charging. Okay, Yeah. So moving on. So this is just a recap of what we talked about last lesson. So recap is where we go over something we've already learned, right? So defining a policy motion. So Isabella, can you remind me what is a policy motion? Homemake. To. Make or. Close. Yeah so it has to do with policies, right? So a policy motion has to do with policy. So it's just a normal motion, but to do with policies. And in this case, it can be either one of two things. It can be creating a new a new policy entirely or changing an existing one, right? Do you remember that? Yes. So innovation versus adaptation or adaptation, right? So it's changing. So it's making a new one or changing and changing a current one, right? So what should we do when we need to define a policy motion? What do you think are some things we have to do when we define a policy motion? What the motion have. What do you mean by have? Could you be a bit more specific? Do the motion have a policy? Yeah so explaining what the policy is right? Yes, explaining what you want to do with a policy. So last, as we talked about what we want to do with the policy, the purpose of the policy. So just explaining that policy in a bit more detail. So motion. So example motions, right? So. For example, an example motion could be money does not bring happiness, right? So to define motions of ideas, right, to define emotion, you do not need to explain what action you would take. That's something that goes later in your debate. Instead you need to define how you understand the meaning of the words, right? So defining the motion doesn't mean this I'm gonna have, this is how I'm gonna to help that to happen. All that all the defining motion means is literally giving a definition for the terms or the words within that motion. So for example. Money does not bring happiness. What is happiness, right? Can we measure it is a feeling or is it it kind of be reflected through behaviors? So defining what happiness is would be a very key term here, right? So. Other examples of debating topics. We talked to you about this before Brexit. Good for United Kingdom. Donald Trump made America great again. Humans should be responsible for climate change. So I think this is the one yoube most familiar with. What is climate change as well? Weather. Yeah. So it has to do with the weather. It has to do with the environment you live in, right? So for example, for each of these example topics, youhave to define keywords. So for example, Brexit is good for the United Kingdom. What is Brexit? Youhave to define that? Donald Trump made America great again. Who is Donald Trump? And what do you mean by great? You have a definition for how something is great. And finally, humans should be responsible for climate change. What is climate change? So you're going to need to sort of define the key terms and all these different motions in order to give a definition. Does that make sense of what I mean a bit more by a definition, by defining emotion. Yes. Yeah. Okay. So in this case, money does not bring happiness. Firstly, you need to explain what is happiness? What do you mean by happiness? So is it emotional well being? Is it a sense of purpose? Is it feeling loved? Is it something religion? Is it something religious? So something relates to religion? Is it having a good relationship with God? What sort of, what sort of is it more general or a specific type of happiness? And what you mean my money, right? Everyone needs some money to survive. So do you mean having more than this is not bring happiness? Do you mean having too much gets in the way of happiness? So how much is too much? So when you say money, right? So we're already talking about defining happiness, but with money, how much money does not bring happiness doesn't mean if you have any money at all, you don't have happiness, right? So defining to what extent how much money you need to have to not be happy. Does that make sense? Yeah. Yes. Okay. So well, this question is about this is a bit more of an indepenbunmotion. Is artificial intelligence dangerous for the human future? So Isabella, what is artificial intelligence or AI? AI is like rot. Yeah, it's like a robot, isn't it? Yes, why would you think it's dangerous for the future? Because if we have robots in the future嗯，human. Man, the robots will work for the humans, and the humans don't have a work and they don't have money, and they won't die. Yeah. So artificial intelligence is just any form of intelligence created by someone who's not human, right? In this case, it could be types of technology. It could be a robot. So what would you need to define? Isabella, could you read to me here what you would need to define. What is artifintelligence? What it means by danwhat kind of human, human future. Could you read this part for me? Again, the more question you and your debating partners can think of in the preparation afirmation stage, the more precisely defined your motion will be, the easiwill be to propose, and the easier it will be to define against the attack. Yeah. So you know exactly, Isabella. Say, what do you need to define? What is artificial intelligence? So give a definition for that. What does it mean by dangerous? Does it mean physically dangerous, mentally or emotionally dangerous, or both? And what does it mean by human future? Does it mean we we won't have a future at all? Or does it mean that our future won't be the best quality? Right. So again, this is why it's so important to think ahead about your motion, because the more answers you can prepare beforehand in the preparation phase, the more defined or precisely defined your motion will be, and the easier will be to propose and to defend against attacks. So if you, if the more the better defined your motion is, the easier it is to propose because you know what you're thinking of, right? The easier it is to defend or to attack others because you know what you're talking about. You have a clear definition that, for example, has limited wiggle room perhaps. So by wiggle room, I mean, you can try and like shape it to your liking, right? So if your motion is really defined, maybe the other team won't be able to find some loopholes in it. So does that make sense? Yes. Yeah. So as an overall rule summary of the first few slides, what things to think about when you're defining or things to do when you're defining? Could you read these for me? Eastern pand precise, pay attention to detail and anticipate. I cipate problems. Be clear about what you think words mean. Yeah, so very well done. It's Abella. Very, very good pronunciation there. So what? Oh, sorry, let me just get rid of that. So Isabella, what do you think anticipate means? To be. For example. Anticipate. 民? Doing a thing that someone let you do. Not necessarily. Anticipate morso means, we write this down. Sorry. Anticipate morso means, Oh, sorry, that's in a White. That's in a White color. You can't see that. Anticipate. Morso means being able to think into the future of what might happen. So anticipate is just thinking about what might happen in the future, right? So could you write that down to me? Yes. Sorry, I realize I felt ell. Happened wrong. I'm finish. Okay, well done, iszabella. So again, the three steps of what to do when you're defining first is be specific and precise. It's important to be as detailed as possible when you're defining emotion because that way you know what you're talking about, right? You know what you're talking about. So the easier it is to come up with defenses and attacks. Second, pay attention to detail, right? And anticipate any sort of problems. So for example, say there's a certain part of your definition that you're looking over and you think, Oh, I know what the other team is going to think about that part of the definition or what they're going na say, I'm going to write down and anticipate what the other team might say about this definition in the debate, right? Spit's about trying to think about what sort of problems might come up in the debate. And lastly, be clear about what you think words means. So don't be afraid to give detailed definitions, because the more detailed, again, it relates to the first one, right? If you're unif, the more less detail you give about a word, the more easier it is for the other team to come up with their own definition, right? So if you think about this way, Isabella. If you can you hear me? Yeah so that if you think about it this way, right? If you give a really vague definition, so vague means there's not a lot of detail. It's there's not a lot of word or detail to it. If you give a really vague definition, the other team can more easily twist that definition and put their own sort definition into it because there's not that much detail. So they can interpret it however they want. Does that make sense? Yes. So that's why it's so important as the first speaker of the affirmative team to take advantage of being the first speaker in the entire debate and make sure to define all your words properly. So. Today's idea motion is that aliens built the pyramids or the great pyramids of Egypt. So the great pyramids of Egypt, I hope you know what I'm talking about. It's just a sort of pyramids or the the triangles in Egypt. Yeah. Do you know what I'm talking about? Oh yes, Yeah. So that's the pyramids of Egypt there. This ones made of sand and they're all around in Egypt. So I'll show you, I'll show you a video that has that. You can see what it is if you don't know what it is now. But the pyramids of Egypt are very historic things in Egypt. And a theory that was proposed by many people, but one particularly built believes that the aliens or aliens built the pyramids. So this is what I mean here. You know what I'm talking about? Yeah. So they're known as the great pyramids of Egypt. So could you read this part for me? The Egypt parments were built at at a time when. Rwas one of the most powerful and healthy well wealthy cycyless. 粉in the。Okay, very well done, Isabella. What I really like, sorry. What I really liked about what you did there is you were able to sound out this difficult world that werthere, right? So very well done there is Abela. You should be very, very proud of yourself for that. I really lithe way that you're learning to sound out the words, to be able to know what they're, to know how to pronounce it. So very well done there, Isabella. So again, these are pronounced Egyptian or Egypt. So I'm going to see. So the Egyptian pyramids, they were they're obviously in Egypt, but they were built when Egypt was known to be very, very powerful and wealthy. So wealthy means they had a lot of money. And there's something that every year thousands of tourists from all over the world go to visit them. Could you read this part as well for me? Pyramids. Parments were built as. Humble for the. Who's for the very close, Isabella rose. Roles and their queens. Oh, roll roll it in the this so this one here is Abella. Let's focus on this word for a bit because it is very important. I know it has a why in it. But instead of A Y, think of it as an I so pyramids. Pyrament is instead of mint mint, so there's no n in there. So pyramids, can you pronounce that for me? Hey, rovery, well done. With all the belonging they may need in the after life. So very well done there, Isabella. I know that those were a lot of difficult new words there, but very well done. So tombs, this word here, that's just tombs, are another way of saying a place where dead bodies go, right? So pharaohs were sort of like the kings in Egypt, so kings and queens. So pyramids are built as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens. So pharaohs sort of like the king. So pyramids are built as a place to keep the dead bodies, so after the Pharaoh dies, to keep the body of the Pharaoh and their queen inside the pyramid, right? So pharhs were buried in pyramids with all their belongings they may need in the afterlife. So in Egypt, they believed that there was an afterlife. So afterlife is basically where you believe that after death you go somewhere. So whether that's heaven, hell or somewhere else. So Pharah's brought that if they brought belongings and money and gold with them, so as if they died, so they thought that if they were buried, so buried is when you, for example, if someone dies, you put them underground, so you put them inside something. I always believed that if they were buried with all their belongings, so rich is gold, they would be rich in the afterlife. That's what they personally believed, which is quite interesting. So. The reason why so many people believe that aliens built the Great Pyramid, even though I don't personally believe it, is because it's seen as almost a miracle that was built in the first place, right? But this shape in particular, right, many people argue, how was it possible thousands and thousands of years ago, centuries ago, to have built this shape without any sort of modern day technology, right? So it was 146m high, which is very tall. There was around 2000 blocks used. Each block weighed a lot. And each side of the pyramid aligns with the points of the compass, right? So just the way it was built was very, very advanced for that time. And many people also notice that you can find similar shapes of buildings on Mars. So here I'm going to play this video for you. Sorry. Okay, can you see this video, Isabella? Yes. Yeah. Okay. Giza plateau, Egypt the Great Pyramid is arguably the most enigmatic structure on the face of the earth. It is the only surviving wonder of the ancient world and has inspired endless speculation as to how it was built and what purpose it served. Ever since the first studies of the Great Pyramid in Egypt have been made, researchers have been amazed at the mathematical knowledge that is encoded into the Great Pyramid, the measurements that are used in it, even the placement of the Great Pyramid has aroused great interest among Egyptologists. The Great Pyramid is aligned to within 300 sixth of a degree of north, a more accurate alignment than any other structure on earth. When you look at the great pyramids alignment, it's aligned very, very close to north. Even more interesting is to think about tracking back in time, because the earth th's axis has been shifting slowly. It's what we call processes. And so if there's been a shift in that alignment, it could be that it is even more active in the the Great Pyramid is not only perfectly aligned to the cardinal points, its placement on the earth is seemingly intentional as well. If you PaaS a great psychophothe, Great Pyramid through its cardinal and its ardenal directions, what you find is that these circles will PaaS through more landmass of the earth than any other location on earth. You find that the Great Pyramid is essenlocated at the center of the world's landmass. The Great Pyramid was built, the level of technological sophistication far in excess of anything that we have today. They don't use the inch as we normally have it in the English system. It's the cubit. And what's interesting about this cubit is that it is exactly 1:25 millionth of the polar diameter of the earth, meaning the distance from the north pole to the south pole of the earth. Chop it up into 25 million pieces. There's your cubit. It's perfect is if you have to take the length for the Great Pyramid at its mean socket level, which is the corners of the actual building, it translates into 365.24 pyramid cubits, which just happens to be the right down to a quarter day. The measurements of the length and width of the perimeter of the Great Pyramid correspond to an exact fraction of both the latitude and longitude measurements at the equator scaled up. This means the Great Pyramid directly corresponds to the circumference of the equator, as well as the measurement from the equator to the pole, making it a scale model of the northern hemisphere. If you take the location of the Great Pyramid as a coordinate, this number sequence of this coordinate matches exactly the speed of light traveling through space, measured in meters per second. This is amazing stuff. When you consider the vast amount of information about the earth that's encoded into the gray pyramid, you can't just dismiss all of this as pure coincidence. Okay. So does that make sense to you? I know it was a lot and there's a lot of technical terms. So perhaps not, but did you what was one thing that you could pull away from that video? 嗯。The castle is made by alien. So instead of castle, it's called pyramid. So pyramid it this is just it it refers to just the shape here. It's it's even in matit's known as a pyramid. But basically what all they was saying in the video is that the reason why so many people it was thinking he was built by aliens is because there were all these weird coincidences that made it very, very advanced for the time or made it very peculiar. So peculiar is a bit weird, right? So there were a lot of different, there were a lot of things that were a bit almost mathematically impossible at the time that made people think that has to be because of aliens and aliens built it. So before. We get into discussion, I'll try and find a bit more of A A different video that a bit simpler explaining the pyramid. Is that okay? Before we go on, just because of time? Okay. Okay okay, cool. So. Okay, so let me show this video. Okay, cool. So this should be bit of an easier video to understand. What's that you've got in your hand, Lucy? It's a pyramid. What are you doing with that? Well, last Sunday, my parents took me to the museum. It's really big. Yes, it's huge. I was really exhausted when I came back home, but very happy because I learned a lot of things. I know you saw the mummies. Yes, I did. I like them a lot. But guess what? I really liked the pictures of the pyramids. My dad told me they were huge stone toms where Egyptians placed the corpses of important people. That's now I remember the pictures. Do you know why they built such big tombs only for one person and how they managed to handle those huge stones? Because I imagine that in those days there wasn't construction machinery as there is today, was there? Hmm, I think you've forgot what the teacher told us about the Egyptians. Look what I brought today, children. Does anybody know what this is? It's a pyramid. Very good, Michael. It's an Egyptian pyramid. The Egyptians were an ancient civilization which were developed a very long time ago in the place of Egypt, on the reaches of the longest river in the world, the river Nile. What did they do? They were one of the first civilizations in developing a writing system, as well as being great engineers and skilled builders. But as they were also very religious, they built huge temples dedicated to their ities. What else did they do? Well, they were also very good sculptors and artists. Thanks to their work, survive. We can nowadays get to know their daily life. Many of them, such as temples and tombs, have reached our days because they were made with stone. Archaeologists, people who study ancient times have found out and analyzed all sarcerp objects. And they're still doing research and keep on finding works of art and new treasures. Now I understand why they used to build such big structures. Egyptians were great ancient empire, and they had to build huge structures to reinforce their power. Yes, bud. Yes, I know. Hold on. I haven't forgotten. They were very religious for that reason. They built huge temples to worship their gods. What else? The tombs were huge because ferus corpses had to be protected as they believed in the immortality of the soul. And as faras were considered aities, they had to be safe. Very well, Lucy, see how much you've learned today. Hey, don't forget to subscribe and answer the question. You can also click the links on the right to continue learning and click the like button. Okay, so I hope that was a bit more of an easier video to understand. I know the other one was a bit more technical. Was that a bit easier to understand? Yes, Yeah. So what did you learn from that video? I learned from I learned. 你的。I forgot how to say the pyramid sopyramid, yes, the pyramid or road in the front of. In front of. 宝贝哥I forgot office。I'm not too sure what word you're thinking of, but the main thing to get from those videos I've shown you is different explanations of whether paryramid were built by aliens or not. So some people think that they definitely were built by aliens because of all of these mathematical weird occurrences, because of the fact that the way it was built, it was very, very hard to build, especially at that time. So they think of, now we all have these modern technologies that make it so much easier to build all of these different things. Back then, they didn't have that. So, so many people think that because of the way it was built, or because of the way it is built and how difficult that is, it kind of been done by humans. However, other people have proposed explanations for how it could have been built. And proposed explanations to explain why it might not have been built by aliens. So which one do you agree with, Isabella, or what? You you could be a bit of both, but which one do you think more, more is is more likely? Correct? Filled not by aliens, not filled by aliens. How come? I think in the middle in the middle. So you see both sides. Yeah. Yes. So how come you're in the middle as well? Or how come you can what do you think is good about both sides? By is very. Comfortable because we don't need to use the people. We only need to use Alito build. So in this case, Isabella, the motion of thinking about the motion will be done a bit differently. So instead of thinking whether we should build by aliens or not, all we're thinking about was whether the pyramids were built by aliens and whether you think that's or not. So I know the previous motions were a bit different in terms of pros and cons, but because the motion is worded a bit differently, this lesson, instead of thinking about whether things should be built by aliens or not, the only thing really we're going be thinking about is evidence or reasons why you think the pyramids were built by aliens or they were not built by aliens. Does that make sense? Yeah, yes. So instead of thinking about whether things should be built by aliens, that's a different motion. The motion we're gonna to focus on in this lesson is whether aliens did build the pyramids or they did not, and reasons for why they might have or why they might not have. Does that make sense? Yeah, Yeah, okay, cool. So I know it's a bit of a difficult motion, this lesson, but this is just a sort of a tester to see different types of motions. There are or they could be. So if you need any help, I am or you can obviously ask me questions, but I will give you around ten minutes to come up with these reasons. I like you to come up with at least two per column. If you can't finish all, no worries. Is that okay? Yeah, okay. Okay, how's it going, Isabella? A few more minutes. Yes, okay. I'm finish. Okay, well done. It's better a, so let's go through it together. So for yes, for built by aliens, what do you have? It will be more easy to make a. Rman pramids. Yes. So remember pyramid instead of it being a why think of it as an I so pyramid? Kra美。And aliens might build more beautiful than human. Next one as a human will build a very slow because. They don't they I don't. They do. They need to climb up and build over half of. Do they need to climb on the top and the building? You probably needed to do that Yeah or climb in some way. Humans can vote very slow because they need to climb and build. Mm, well done. Okay, no, so build by any ens? No. An. Alimight build wrong. And a dance. Might one day disappear and they might didn't finish their work well. Okay. Next one for yes not built by aliens. You, man. Okay, human and this is wrong, human might fall off on the top of the P, I. Prament then of pie, it's a pcan. You say that for me here. Yeah so pyramid. Yeah exactly Isabella, very well done. Humans might fall up on the top on the. Yeah, so that could be a reason why it was not was because it might have been too difficult, right? Yes. Yeah, okay. So do you have anything else? Yes. And the no one I think millions can fly. Aliens can fly, they will work very fast. Exactly, please. Right? So they might have been able to fly. If you think about their spaceships, they might have been able to fly. Yes, they're very well done, Isabella. Thank you for all your creative thinking here. I know it's a bit of a weird motion, but you did very, very well. I hope you learned a bit from this lesson. I thought, I thought, I hope it was a bit of a fun lesson. You know this is a very interesting topic and it's not really doesn't need to be taken as seriously as as it could be. But very well done in the Bella you should be very, very proud of yourself. I was particularly impressed with your pronunciation. I know that is a very difficult word to pronounce, but very well done. So I hope you have a lovely rest of your day and I will see you for next lesson. See you.