Okay so I'm glad you I'm glad you had badminton state as well even though you did do your Chinese exam. I hope this Chinese exam went okay, but I have full confidence in you. So for this lesson we're starting a new unit and we're gonna to go back to the basics of what is debating. So again Isabella, can you tell me what is debating? Can you give me a definition again? To have a motion and support the motion and all give. Your motion, is it always supporting motion? And beating others opinion. Yeah. So again, with emotion, there are two teams. So it's not always supporting the motion as it is about H. Sometimes it's agreeing with emotion and sometimes it's disagreeing with it. But you're exactly right about how there are arguments in a debate and you have arguments to support your opinion. So you're right. Debating is a form of an argument, right? Is a formal way to discuss an issue or a topic. And there are normally two sides in this debate, which is opposing points of view. So the word opposing, all that means is that you're competing with something or someone that opposite sides of something. So the opposite points of view, and each team wants to convince the other side as well as the judge or the chair of their point of view. So. So in this course, I'm going to persuade you that debating is one of the best things that you can do. So we talked a bit about this before, but why do you think debating is a thing? Why do you think it's helpful to solve arguments? To learn. And to learn how to debate and have evidence and. Win. Yeah. But how come the debating the debate structure itself, why is that useful or why is that better compared to just fighting or having a having an informal conversation? Why is debating better to solve disagreements? Let other people. Leave a. Diva, you agree your argument? Yeah, that's definitely one reason. Another one, think about the structure of two teams. What about that is so helpful with having those two opposing teams and the structure of one person speaks, then another speaks. Think of it in this way, what do you think is more productive? Right? So say, if we were arguing, is it better if we just start shouting and arguing with each other and say, you say something, I start talking over you, right? I start fighwith you. I start arguing with you. I don't let you speak, I don't let you have your word, I speak over you. Or is it better if you say something, so you say your opinion and your supporting evidence, and then I say mine and we go back and forth, which one do you think is more productive to reaching a solution? Can I can solve, how come? Because it will be more. The talking. Talk won't be more. Talking over the other people is very not. Not特。I. Forgot. Okay, describe the word to me. Is it professional or formal or. Not. Not not think this the people speak over the other people is very not good. Yeah it can be quite rude, right? Yeah Yeah, you're exactly right about that, Isabella. Exactly right. Well done. It's about the fact that debate, the structure of a debate prevents people from speaking over and other people, they prevent people from speaking over each other because that's not productive, that's not helpful and it's also just quite rude, right? So that's why we have debates, because it gives a structured format to giving your arguments where one person speaks in another and everyone gets to say their voice. Everyone gets to say their opinion and their evidence, and they gets to share their voice with, but not only the other point of view, but also the judge. So it's a lot more productive and structured than just having an informal conversation where you are at risk of speaking over another person and ignoring their points. So what did a debate look like? So in a debate, you stand up in front of people and you say a lot of things that you might not believe in. So again, we talked about this a bit before. Debates don't work where you get to choose the team that you're on. You might, for example, if the topic was. Let's think, Oh, cars should be banned in city centres, right? You might personally agree with that. You might think, yes, cars should be banned in city centres. But the way that the teams work is you get assigned, you don't get to choose. You get randomly assigned to one team or another. So you might have to be debating for a team or a point of view that you don't believe in, which can make it a lot harder, right? It's hard to talk about things that you don't believe in it or you don't agree with, but that's it's still something that in professional debators do have to do. Then the people saying opposite you are going to tell you why everything you just said is wrong, right? They're going to find fault with every word that comes out of your mouth. And when it's over, someone else is going to tell you what you did wrong and why the people setting opposite you are better than you. In other words, you're going to be a debater. Now why would you want to do that? So we talked a bit about that. Are there any other benefits to debating or being a debater? I learned your speaking. Skills you develop on your communication skills, you become a better speaker. What else? To not be a fight. Yeah, exactly. That's a very good point, Isabella. To work on your stage right? To not have stage right. Because if you get more comfortable with speaking in front of other people, you are less likely to freak out about performing in front of other people. Yeah, that's a very good point, Isabella. So why would you want to be a debbater? Because you do it all the time anyway. Because debating will make you more confident. So exactly like you said, that links directly to, that links directly to develop overcoming your stage, right? So obviously, you want to work on your stage, right, and make sure that it's not something that really hinders you ithelp you do better at school, right? How do you think ithelp you do better at school? We'll have more. Maybe. Debating those skills is very good. When they go to school, they might have ate Yeah, exactly. So they might actually have to do things in school, or there are something called transfer skills. So let me write that down. Transfer skills are skills that you can apply. To different. Areas. So what this means, Isabella, is that you could say that, yes, debating makes you a better debbater, and that's a skill that can be used in debating class. However, there are also more other skills to do with debating, like becoming a better communicator, being a better researcher, being more patient, learning how to cope with failures if you do fail, learning how to come back from that, learning how to take on improvement. And all of those skills, are they just specific to debating? No, exactly. They can be applied to other classes. Ters, right? Every example, communication skills can be applied to almost every class, right? Leardo deal of failure can be applied to almost every class. Structuring and research that can be applied to English or the sciences or other other subjects. So those are known as transfer skills, because you can use them in one class and apply them to others. So could you write that down for me? Yes, home. Okay, well done, Isabella. So moving on from this list ithelp, you also do better at school in general. This links to transfer skills as well. All those skills can make you better at school in general. Debating can also make you make lots of friends, right? So this can happen in two ways. You might make friends within your debating class. So you might make friends within your team or make friends from the other team, but also with those transfer skills, if you become a better communicator and if you become more confident in your abilities, that might make you better to be better able to make new friends because you're more confident in yourself. The basin can also help you to understand other people. So because you're used to seeing things from different perspectives, you're you're better at being more empathetic. So remember, empathetic, what does that mean, Isabella? Or to have empathy. Confident, not necessarily confident. All empathy is is being able to see, to understand things from another's perspective. So there's a glitter. It's it's known as putting yourself in another person's shoes, which means you're not thinking, you're understanding how they're feeling on a very intimate level. So for example, today you did really bad on a test and you're really upset and you were struggling with your emotions. I might have empathy for you because I understand how you're feeling because I've failed a test before, or I know what it's like to feel really upset over your grades. So I would have empathy for you because I understand what it's like. What you're going through is like, I understand your emotions. Does that make sense? Understand your motion. Do you know what understand means? Yes. So what I mean by that? Yeah. So if if you understand other people's emotions or their feelings, right? So emotions means feelings, right? It's understanding their perspective, what's going on in their head, as all you're doing is you're understanding what's going on in someone's head, what they're thinking, what they're feeling. So I'll go back to the example. Let's say that you failed a test. Let's say you failed a test in school and you're really, really upset over it. You are crying. You, you know, you're really upset with yourself. You're really upset with your grade. And I come up to you and I hug you, right? I might have empathy for you because I'm understanding how you're feeling. I'm understanding that you're upset that you're sad because of your grade. And I understand that. I understand what you're feeling because I've gone through that before, because I know what it's like to fail a grade. Does that make sense? Yeah. Okay. Cool. So all I'm saying with that is that it helps you understand debating, helps you to understand other people. And one way through that is through developing your empathy, it can also help you to understand the world. So a lot of these issues that you talk about in debating is about the world itself, as about the world or society as a whole. And because debating can actually save the world. So there have been a lot of laws and policies that have been made through debating to reach, to reach a compromise. And a compromise means where both sides are happy. So a lot of the time, debating has been used to make laws and policies that everyone's okay with. So does that make sense? Yes. Yeah, okay. So we're going to go a bit more in depth into these different reasons why we debate. So one is because you do it all the time anyway. So there's a scenario here where, for example, your mum might say to you to put your shoes inside the cupboard. Why? You might ask why. Yet you don't know why you should put your shoes inside, because it will help to keep the house tiand stop your shoes from getting lost. And you respond with, but if I leave them out by the door, I can put them on quicker when I leave the house. Now, is this a debate? Oh, how come? Because. So debating this can be considered a type of debate. Debating they always have to have evidence. Evidence just makes your point more convincing. I'm sorry. So they recommend you to put evidence to support your points, but that is a very good point to bring of Isabella of how it doesn't have any evidence. But technically, what debates really are is opposing views talking back and forth or talking about their perspectives back and forth. That's the standard definition of debate, where you have a topic and you debate about the topic with two opposing views. Now, the reason why there is almost always evidence in formal debate is because all it doesn't is make your point more convincing. But in daily life, do you randomly have evidence at the top of your head? No. So if you're debating an everyday life, it can also be seen as arguing, but it can also be a debate if it's about you're trying to reach a compromise, you're trying to reach an end goal or a solution. So this can be seen as debating because they both have opposing perspectives and they're both trying to persuade the other why their perspective is correct. So what is the mum arguing on this side? Let the children put the. In the. In the carboard carpboard come. Because. It will keep. Tithe house. Yeah. So that's the mom's perspective and reason to put the shoes away so that it's tidy. But what's the child's perspective? Itbe more fliker to wear. Not necessarily to wear it. One, one, one, leave the house. Yeah. So her perspective is to leave it out by the door, right? So once she comes inside, she takes off her shoes and she wants to leave it by the door. So it's quicker to put it on when she leaves as opposed to putting in the cupboard. That's the different perspectives. Yeah, so this structure has names. Can you pronounce this word for me? Prosion, so the proposition is where you propose to do something, right? So to propose means to make a statement about something. So. Okay, so say proposition. Make a statement. About something. So her statement is to put away the shoes in the cupboard. And then there's the arguments, which which is these are arguments here. So why and because and then finally there's the counter argument. So she's going made her argument, her first argument here, why why actually should I do it? What's your reasoning? This is a second one where she is directly the reason why it's a counter argument is because she's going directly against what her mo's saying. So she's countering or going against that argument. Does that make sense? Yes. Could you write down the definition of proposition for me, please? Okay, well, then Isabella. So moving on. So debating in parliament. So we talked a bit about this before. Do you remember what parliament is? I don't remember that's okay. So parliament. There's the group of people who make laws. So could you write that down for me? Yes. Okay, well then it's Melice. So again, parliament is a group of people who makes laws, right? They go together and they debate to try and make laws are best for their country. So not only do we do we debate all the time, even governments are debating every day to address national issues. National issues is issues throughout the country to look over policies or make new laws. So debates are designed to assist members of parliament. So debates happen inside parliament to reach an informed decision on a subject. So the same reason why we might have a debate, members of parliament may have debates as well, and that's just to to try and come to a solution of what they should do about a specific law or policy or issue. Votes are often held to conclude a debate. So votes is where, for example, the audience or a group of judges vote to say who won, right? So for example, if it was about banning something, right? So if they wanted to ban cigarettes, they might have a debate about whether whether they should ban cigarettes throughout the country or in some parts of the country. And one might say, yes, we should enter grates. One might say, no, we should not. And then votes are held to say which one, which team won. So again, this might involve passing a new law. This might mean you are making a new law or rejecting a new law or even altering an existing law. So does that make sense? Yeah. Yeah. Okay. I'm going to show you a video about the British parliament. Again, we have talked to me about this, but it has been quite a long time. So I'm going to show this with you now. Debating in parliament debates provide an opportunity for mp's and members of the house of lords to discuss government policy and other topical issues and provide a forum to raise matters of importance to members of the public. Debates in parliament cover a wide range of subjects, from foreign affairs to care home provision. Many debates relate to local matters such as hospital services, transport links, libraries or an individual's case. Debates allow members of both houses to put their experience to good use by drawing the government's attention to particular concerns and issues. At the end of every debate, a government minister or spokesperson responds to the questions and issues that have been raised since 18Oh three. Hanzard has provided a record of the proceedings of both houses. Transcripts are available online and parliament tv offers live and archived coverage of all parliamentary proceedings. We are actually seeding back the country to the very insurgency that we went into defeat in the first place and the reputation of the west to support democracies across the world has suffered. Will he now agree to an independent formal inquiry into the conduct in Afghanistan? Mr. Speaker, as I said in the house just a few weeks ago, there was an extensive Defense Review about the Afghan emission after the combat mission ended in 2014. And I believe that most of the key questions have already been extensively got into disbelief on his own backbenches. There's clearly been a catastrophic failure of our intelligence or our assessment of the intelligence because of the speed that this is quarters unawares. I think itbe fair to say that the events in Afghanistan have unfolded and the collapse has been faster than I think even the Taliban themselves predicted. What is not to say that the uk government was unprepared or did not foresee this? Because a surprise to mp's at least, if this was foreseen, how could it have been allowed to come to? So that was just an introduction to different types of debates or what topics that members of the parliament can debate about because itmake you more confident. So this is another reason why it's debating is important. So you do remember the first time you had to speak in public. Speaking public, do you remember the first time you had to do that? Deserspeaking public. It could be anything could it could be speaking in front of your class or it could be speaking to for your assignment. Oh, Oh, yes, what was the first time you had to do that? It's a in a stage. We have many people. And one class, the whole class one okay stage and and. We act. It was it was it. What's a performance we have? Yes. Yeah, okay. And how did you feel when you were doing that, Isabella? I feel兰。I. Feel because. When. When we're asking. Using body, we have a. Face face facial expression, face face mask of face mask, okay? And I feel the normal and when we speak, we take off the mask. I feel a bit. A bit nervous. Yeah. So the masks made you feel more confident in it? Yes. Yeah because it provided you with a sense of security, safety. So because they couldn't see your face, you know maybe you thought, Oh, if I mess up, they won't know who I am. But when you had that mask off, it was a bit more frightening and wasn't it? Yeah. So. Ultimately, you do get better at it by doing it. You do get better the more you practice and the more you do it, the more confident you will be, right? So practice is practice does make perfect. There's a study that if you do 10000 hours or something or something like that, then you'll finally become really skilled and masterful in that specific area or skill. So if you're a debater, you'll be able to question what you've been told and then put your side of the story calmly, confidently and assertively. So a really important thing about debating is that you believe in what you say. So even if you don't personally believe that your perspective is right, you have to believe that what you're saying is you have to believe in what you're saying and how you're confident in what you're saying. Because you could have the best speech prepared. You could have all the right things to say. You could have all the right evidence. But if I spoke my speech like, so today we're going to be talking about that cigarettes should be banned. It's not really confident, is it? It's not really giving any sense of hope in other in the audience or in the judges that I know what I'm saying. Right. And if I don't know what I'm saying, if I don't believe in what I'm saying, why should everyone else? Right? So that's why it's so important to work on your confidence and your ability to get across what you're saying with confidence and with calmness to the debto show, to the judges and the audience that what you're saying not only do you believe in, but it's so that's a positive of debating. It will make you more confident. It can also help you to do better at school, right? So there are two ways of learning. So could you read this first way? Oh, sorry, could you read this first way of learning for me? Isabella, you said there's listening to a teacher who told us knowledge, which we wrote down. You learned it by heart and wrote it all out again. And exam, the more we manage to remember, the higher a great week. Yeah. So there's that way. Or can you read this one for me, Isabella? Students are encouraged to take much more part in in their learning, to be much more active to work collaborato. Engine age in discussion, however, there's still material to be covered了。Syllabuses who completed the exam to prepare for. So which way do you like better and why? The first one, the first one, how come? How can you like the first one better? 嗯。Because maybe. It's more not nervous Yeah so people have different ways of learning, right? People have different ways of of learning their material, right? So some students might feel better with just memorizing. However, it's. There's also another way besides just memorizing stuff, and that's through learning your material, through active discussion. So both ways work, both ways. Students, it depends on the student, right? And there's no one student that's the same. So they might prefer to just memorize stuff and get good grade des that way. Some students, however, might feel that theydo better at school if they just discuss the topic with other people. If they debate the topic, one people, because if you debate a topic, you have to learn about it inside and out. You have to learn it very, very. You have to learn the topic in detail. So that's why a lot of people prefer to do the second interactive option to do better in school. But both ways, it does depend on the student. Another good thing about debating is it will help you make lots of friends, right? So debating the team activity, right? It's not just where you you're one person going against another. Sometimes that is, sometimes it is just one person going against another. But often often majority of the time it is a team activity. So you can learn to respect other people. You can learn to rely and depend on other people. You can learn to help others to support others, balancing your independent time with social time, so it can help you make lots of friends. And also, debating can help you to understand other people better. So could you read this for me? On the base, you will have to define yourself, but because you don't get to choice choose your side or of the motion, you will often have to argue for something you don't agree with. Yeah. So have you been in this situation, Isabella? No. Maybe so. Have you ever had what this is saying is, have you ever had to argue for something, whether it's in a school or a class or something else, to argue for something that you did not believe in? So the best example, that's okay, not everyone has the best example that I can come up for with with doing this or experiencing this in a situation that's not a debate, is for example, maybe your best friend said something that you don't necessarily agree with, but other people start being lean to her and you defend her, but then in private, you tell her that's not okay. So you might want to defend her in public, but tell her and tell her that's not okay in private. So you might have to defend something or support something that you don't believe in for the sake of your best friend. So that's just an example that you might argue something you don't believe in. But debbasing will help you to understand other people better, right? Because other people have different, sorry, other people have different perspectives. Other people have different opinions, emotions, feelings. So in the debate, you need to be a critical thinker. So critical thinker means to think about the pros and cons of a situation, right? And as you understand two sides to every situation, you can understand why other people might want to support a side or a perspective that is different to your own. Does that make sense? Yeah. Okay, debating can also make you understand the world better. So examples of debating topics, Brexit is good for the United Kingdom. Donald Trump made America great again. And humans should be responsible for climate, should be responsible over climate change. So do you know who Donald Trump is? So Donald Trump is the president of the United States. And he's been in a lot of controversy because he said not very nice things about lots of people. He in general, there are some people who support him. There are some people who think he's is the best president ever and he's made America great again. And there are other people like myself who think that he's not a very good president. He hasn't done what's best for the country or what's best for his people. So that's an example of a debating topic. Another one is humans should be responsible for climate change. So what is climate change, Isabella? The weather. The. Air, the weather. Yeah, air. Yeah, exactly. So that's the climate. What's climate change? It changes bad. Yeah. So what does Ken mean is that it gets sorry. It gets way too hot. A common example of climate change is that I get way too hot. So for example, if you think in the polar regions, so for example, Antarctica, the Arctic, certain animals like, for example, polar bears, their habitat is going away, right? Because they live in, for example, icebergs. What do you think happens when it gets too hot? No. Yeah. It can that's that's another great reason iswell a it can burn. So there's a lot of forest fires recently in very dry places, but what do you think would happen if it gets too hot in a cold climate? The animals will die Yeah exactly. Because their habitat is being melted, it's being destroyed. So for example, if polar bears live on ice, that ice can melt and their home can go away. So because humans are largely responsible for this, people think that we should be responsible for the effects, which is fair. But that's just another topic too potentially debate about. So you're going to need to know more than the other side. If you want to win the debate. You have to know the topic inside out. You have to know the topic at almost everything about the topic to be good at debating. So debating can also save the world, right? The reason, like I said, why so many people think debating is the best format for an argument is because it has rules, right? It has rules. And what you can and can't do to make it as formal and as logical as possible. So in the debate, if you shout at the other side, you'll lose. You can't lose your emotions. You can't get angry. Be respectful. Your opponents are not your opponents are not your enemies, your opponents. But you're not supposed to hate each other, and you're not enemies. You also have to listen and understand why they're saying what they're saying. So if you refuse to listen to them, you'll lose. If you make no attempt to understand what they're saying, you'll lose. So you have to listen to what they're saying, right? You also have to focus on facts and arguments, not people. So there's something in debating that's called don't attack someone's character. What that means is I can say all I like about what you believe in and your perspective on something, but it's completely wrong to talk about you as a person. So what is do you think this is okay? If I don't agree with you, if I don't agree on your perspective, I say you're a horrible person and you're a horrible person. You're bad, you're stupid for believing in this. Do you think that's okay? Because I'm attacking you, right? I'm attacking you as a person and not your beliefs, not your perspective. So if I do that, it's disrespectful and I'll lose. And if you're incapable of seeing the world from ending the point of view than your own, you'll lose. So you have to be thoroughly informed about what's going on. You have to know other perspectives besides your own. So does that make sense? Isabella? Yes, Yeah, okay. So if you are the adjudicator of a debate, so again, adjudicator just means judge, what criteria would you make for the winners? So how Isabella, if you were the judge for a debate, how would you say who wins? Who loses? Yeah. Let other people vote. So letting other people vote, what else? Yes. How else would you decide who wins, as in like based on what they say? So how would you say that is a very good speech for a debate? You have the good and opinion and battle anything else. Argument. Examples. So these are all the different criteria for what you think makes a good debate, right? So these are different criteria that typically adjudicators use to determine who wins matter, manner and method. So matter is, do you include facts and arguments, right? Do you include statistics? Mana, are you making yourself clear? Are you speaking clearly? Are you looking formal and respectful? And method is, are you convincing other people? Are you persuading other people? So today's. Debating motion is movie stars are heroes. I would like you to very briefly. Do what we did before. But you are me four, the brainstorming where you come up with movie stars, our heroes. Movie stars are not heroes and because of time, I'd only like you to come up with one point per section. So only come up with one point per pro and con. Does that make sense? Yes. Okay. So I'll give you honestly, three, three to four minutes only because of time. Is that okay? Yes. So again, this has to be quite quick. I can only give you around one to two more minutes. It's okay if you can't do everything, it's just because of time. Okay. So that's about as much time as I can give you time wise just because it's less ending in around less than three minutes. So it's okay. If you haven't thought of everything, just tell me what you have thought of. People love movie. They make love, they might. Like the movie. Anything? What about? Because. Movie stars can't do anything for you. Yeah, exactly. It's not direct, is it? Yes. Have you brainstormed anything else? That's okay. No worries. It was quite a short period of time. Let's think of other things to say in the last two minutes. So pros for movie stars are not heroes. All right. We could say that is right, or that is unbecause might, they can only play as heroes. They might not fight wars. They might, they might not be saving people physically in real life, right? However, you could say that a lot of movie stars for cons are inspirational to lots of people. So they could be people's heroes emotionally by giving them hope and inspiration. What do you think it's Abella? Agree. Yeah. Are there any celebrities or movie heroes out there who you think are inspirational to you? You know, well, some people might disagree, some people might think that there are lots of movie styars or celebrities that are very inspirational to them and they make them want to be a better person. So in that way they can be seen as hero. But world eliisabella. So thank you for today. Day's blessing. Sorry that the end, my cough started acting up again. I am trying getting a bit. I'm getting a lot better, but I am still a menso bear with me. Apologies for that. The next lesson, the motion is rich countries must share their wealth with poor and developing countries. So I'll leave you to think about that, and I'll see you next. 不好意思，well了，拜。