Hi, can you hear me? Helmes. Hello Oh, there we go. I can tell you. I think maybe you're a bit too far away from your microphone, Andy, because I can't hear you when you speak. No, I can't hear him. I can I can see he's talking, but I can't really hear him. Sorry, we come hear you. 为什么你们都听不到他们所有人说话？Hi, William. Can you hear me? Okay? Hello. Hi. Yeah, brilliant. You can hear me. Okay, hi, Ethan. Teacher, hello, nice to meet you. Okay. I think we're just waiting to put a couple more. Okay, first thing, whilst we're just waiting for everyone to arrive, please kinyou make sure if you're in the and your camera is on. So thank you, Andy, William and Ethan. I can see you nice and clearly. Derek, I can see that you're in here, but I can't see you if you can hear me. Are you able to turn your camera on please? Because there's so many of us in the lesson as well, I think we might want to mute our microphones just in case there's any background noise. Otherwise we might have lots of background noise going on in the classroom. So if you think maybe there's some noise, you might want to mute, Oh, hi, Derek. I can see you now. So I think. How many is that we've got. I've got Derek, Andy, Ethan, William, just missing the two girls, Catherine and Cherry or Sherry. I'm not sure how to read that name. But it is nice to meet you all, just more little instructions on claand rules here. It says make sure you keep your camera on. It does say headphones, but I'm not using headphones either. I prefer not to. So you don't need to do that. Try to sit still. Try not to be talking to each other or over each other. If you want to speak, please can you you can either just raise your hand up on the camera or there is a little button that you can Press to raise your hand. Yeah just like that, Andy. You can use that too. Please if I'm asking any questions, try to remember to raise your hand and I will say your name to answer rather everybody all is something at once. I'm not sure what's going on with Ethan. He's constantly in and out of the lesson. Are you okay? Ethan? You're always in and out. Is it your WiFi? Maybe? Okay, okay, okay. I think we'll just get started. I don't want to wait, waste too much time waiting for other people to arrive if they're going to be late. So we will just get get started. So this lesson, we're going to be doing four lessons. So over four weeks, four Saturdays on lots of different topics. The first topic that we're exploring this week is a humanities topic. We're going to be exploring fossils and evolution. So you can see you've got a few clues on that in these pictures here, but good for doing some reading together, little quiz and things like that and probably a bit of a comprehension as well, which we will do on the board. Okay, so when we talk about fossils or evolution, they are part of natural history, and natural history involves scientific study of the natural world. So this is when scientists are observing plants and animals to find out more about the history of our life on earth. Because obviously earth hasn't always been how it is today. It's changed a lot over time. So you know we can learn more about what the history has been like. So this can include observations of plants and animals that are still living, still alive today, may be the remains of animals that we can see that exist on earth today, and even those that have become extinct. Can anyone tell me, what does it mean if an animal has become extinct? Hands up. Don't forget, Brian. It's not surviving anymore. Unearth good. Yeah, we we wouldn't be able to find it anymore. Exactly. Andy, if you want to add anything to that. Oh, I still can't hear Andy. Can anybody else hear Andy? No, none of us can hear you, Andy. Can anybody hear him? No, we still can't hear you, Andy. I'm sorry. I think you need to get somebody to help you with your microphone. Can you try speaking now, Andy? Can anybody hear him yet? No, to talk you. No, we can't hear you. Okay, I'm going to send a message to see if someone can help him. Okay, so thank you, William. You did explain for us anyway what it means in something is extinct. Can anyone give me so now Williams polders, it's an animal that is no longer living. It was alive, but now all of the animals have died out. Can anyone give me an example of an animal that's extinct? Does anybody know any types of animals that have gone extinct over time? Derek. I think like dinosaurs, mammoth, yes. And and those animals that there's like oxygen in there. Yes. So maybe if you can't think of any examples of those, but yes, dinosaurs is a very good example exactly. There was thousands of dinosaurs on earth and they all went extinct. And now that's why there isn't any anymore. Another very famous extinct animal is the dodo. Has anybody heard of that before? There's a type of bird which everybody sort of knows as an extinct bird, but sadly, lots of animals that we have today are at danger of going extinct. So, you know, in 100 or thousand years, who knows, there might be lots of the animals that we have today might not exist anymore, which is quite scary, isn't it? Okay, in London we have a museum called the Natural History Museum. Has anyone ever been to London before? Have they maybe been to this museum or no? I've been you. Did you think it was good? London has collections of object. Yeah. I actually love it's a nice museum, right? Yes, I most love the like rocks. Rocks. Yeah. Do you like the sort of theology part of it? Yeah. Mm, I've you seen in some museums they have rocks under certain light and they glow almost like they're glowing. Lots of bright colors and that's always quite amazing to see that. See, just natural. Hi, Andy. You're back. Let's just like just museum learning house collections of objects. Yes, it does. Let's just see for a second helyes, I can hear you, Andy. That have been. From all. Okay. Hang on, Ethan, if you're going to be reading it, do you think maybe you could mute yourself just because I'm trying to see if I can hear Andy, because we can hear when you're talking. Museum in London has collections objects. Ethan, sorry, I haven't asked anyone to read it out loud. When you're reading it, we can all hear you. So I'm trying to talk to the student and we can hear you reading this. So if you want to read it out loud, you think you could just mute yourself for me. Okay, thank you. I just want to check that I can hear Andy. Okay, now hi Andy. Did you want to explain to us about extinct? There's one thing I want to get straight. Some species are good at blind under the nose of extinction. I mean, like they don't go think people think they extinct. Like the judeaand date. Pm, it was reserved and then we found it, then we replanted it. Yes. Yes. Good. Really good point to make exactly. So that's a obviously a plan, which isn't it doesn't just have to be animals that go extinct, which is what we've spoken about so far. Yeah, really good. Yeah. Sometimes they might sort of be on that cusp and that's how they like to be. Doesn't mean that they will go extinct. Okay. So Yeah, the Natural History Museum is in London. It has collections of objects that have been sourced from all over the world and have helped scientists to discover some of the most important and fascinating facts about living things. One of the collections that you can find at the Natural History Museum includes lots of fossils. And fossils provide evidence about life on prehistoric earth before any records of humans had even been made. So who can tell me? Hands up, remember, how would you describe a fossil? Go, Andy. We'll go to you this time. I okay, so a photo was something preserved inside the earth. I mean, the fossils are very rare because first they don't turn to fossil oil. I mean, it didn't need to bury deep enough for it to be preserved, but not that deep as to be crushed fossil oil. It has to be like where paper sucks. It can be like too deep or be it can be too light or not served. I mean, like it might be a hammer by when and walking weather the way there also can't be fossils that not animals, like fossils of air bubbles. Yeah. Brilliant. Brilliant. Good. Yeah it's good to talk about that like a sweet spot, isn't it, between you know preserving the animal or you know turning into a fossil and it not being squished and getting destroyed? Exactly. Yeah, good point. Thank you, Andy. So we're going to expand on this. Similarly to what Andy has just said, the fossils that we are studying now were formed many millions, maybe even billions of years ago in the prehistoric era, long before we had any sort of written record of, you know, what was around. And fossils can be formed in lots of different ways, but most have formed when organisms that lived on earth were buried very quickly after they died. They would often be covered in substances like sand, volcanic ash or mud, which surrounds the plant or the animal. So it needs to happen quite quickly after they died, if it takes, you know if they die and it takes too long for them to be covered, that their body will rot away and disintegrate and biodegrade too quickly. So it needs to be a substance that covers it quickly enough after it dies. Does also say that often this would happen if a living zdied close to or in water, because the sediment that's at the bottom of a river, a lake or an ocean can drift around easily to cover it up so it gets covered quick enough to be preserved. Then as the the soft tissue, so you know like our body, you know all of our muscles and our skin, this is what we call soft tissue. You know it's not our hard bones. As this sort of soft stuff starts to decompose the remaining skeleton and the other hard parts, like your teeth on an animal or shells, they would remain and be covered with more sediment. Yes, Andy. Sometimes our tissue gets preserved, I mean in our bone, it's not just empties. We red blood ssels from there are air sacacks in there. So sometimes we might find tissue inside the bone which might contain dna of them. Dinosaur. And some bones are pretty messy. I mean, there's giant bones which have nowhere to put apart. I mean, like how do you tell a huge one from slogan? Yeah, Yeah, good. Exactly. So it is rare, but you can exactly, you can get soft tissue in some fossils. Like there was a I'm not sure if you've seen there was a baby woolly mammoth that was preserved in ice for like 40000 years or something. And because it was preserved so well in the ice, it does include its soft tissue, but it's quite rare. Yes, Andy. There's even a frozen human. It's a frozen human for ice. It's on a manight, remember, and was preserved so good. And I stand we were able to diagnose that it froze to death, but it did not die from any disses. It didn't have, but it didn't have teeth like that. Yeah, Yeah, brilliant. Exactly. It really helps us to be able to. It's like a time machine, isn't it? You can just see into the past that they're so well preserved. Okay, so let's just keep going to how the fossils are formed because of the sediment covering them. The sediment is essentially compact, so it's squid under all the pressure of everything that's above it, which forms what we call sedimentary rocks. So fossils are mostly found in this type of rock formation, and they usually appear after millions of years. Once the sedimentary rocks have moved or changed due to the pressure or erosion, or if paleontologists think, Oh, I think there's some fossils here, they might dig the rock to find them. So could be natural, could be manmade as to why these fossils are discovered. So in this picture, it's not very big, but essentially erosion is causing fossils to be revealed within these rocks. Could be due to any sort of erosion through water or wind, anything really. Okay, I might start getting some people to read out some of these slides. Let's have a go. Andy, you've have been chosen first, the most chaatty one anyway. So Andy, can you read out this slide for us? For many people, finding of fossils is sometimes that happen by chance. And out about near the coast, many after fossil orders ers and study fossils and finated past them without neeto training experience. However, some full time housing, full time professionals who have trying to become paleontologists, paleontologists are just it's archaeologists that go to the future. And the another thing is amazing fact that I found online online, it says that a seven year old girl found a bone of a saber tooth tiger on a mountain. Yeah anyone can find a fossil really, if you know how to look for it, especially if you're in places where there is lots of them. Yeah good fact. You don't have to be doing just this, you know, looking very carefully. Sometimes it might happen by accident. Well, not Andy again. Derek, could you please read this slide for us? How do fossil hunters find fossils? Paleontologists must consider say there are a number of factors when searching for fossils locations since fossils are most commonly found within sedimentary rocks formations suabout such sides exposed rocks of the right age and type rocks from the try Triassic, Jurassic Oh sorry, Yeah Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous. They're quite tricky words to say those, aren't they? It's the three perioods of the dinosaur, right? Yes. Must be identified using the geology maps, science, assessing rocks on ones on site to identify signs of fopower digging. Good. Thank you. So how our fossil hunters are finding fossils, this is what we want to know so that we can have a goat finding them. Yes, Andy. One thing is we will find them close to where to where the things flooded. I mean, millions of years ago, the spowhere we stand here was flooded. So you want to subinto a also on the street, you must find a place where you're very close to the shore, but not close enough like a jabber rock inside a jabber rock. I mean, the fossil, the fossils of those bodies might be in the water flush, see, but in the process, the water carries them. If something blocks the water flow and preserves the fossil like that. But it's on beach, I mean, the very good spot, like the m cam beds. Can you that a bit at the end again for me? The good place to find fossils is the cam can dvery close to water, but close to be swept down to sea. Yes. Yes. There's lots of places is in England as well. There's lots of beaches where you can walk. And literally on the sand of the beach you can find beef and you know, rocks with fossils in ammonites kind of just everywhere. It's very easy. Yeah. Okay. Thank you, Ethan. Can you read this slide for us? To learning, flying, the most suitable to the to use heavy machinery, machinery f four cells are likely to sell, be deeply birred birred smaller tools to dig through. So some. Rock and small brushes to remove rock dust away one force have been exposed, time locking and rewing falls from the ground with menu. Dream can take days, week or even months. Train sporfor for sales can be incredibly free and moving them to a new, such as a liberation, take care, take care and pay often for sales to go. The. Called jecting in order for. Leading Colleto transport them. Thank. Okay. So now, William, you can read this. I don't think you're the only person left to not read. You can read about these famous fossil hunters. Of come from all the world, including American. Advent H dot Colbert and Stephen J. Gold Richard. 民? We everyone one of the most name and group of. Billion and one of the few mammals only 30. Thank you. So Mary annning is a very famous fossil hunter, especially in English, because she was British and also because she was a woman. It was quite rare for you know, women to be doing things like this at this time in history. So she's become very well known for that. Yes, Andy. Another historical vover fossils, social wars. It's when two fossil hunters were in a combat and they would throw rocks at each other, bury fakes and dynamite some fossils so the others would find them. Yeah, Yeah, Yeah. Again, no, the great fact. Thank you. So let's read a little bit more about Mary annning. So Mary annning life, I just said, is recognized as one of the most important paleologists paleontologists of all time. So she was born in a town called Lyme Regis, which is in Dorset. So right, right, right, right, right at the south of England in 1799. So took a few hundred years ago now, her family had very little money. So Mary and her brother spent much of their spare time spingly post for any items that they could sell. And lots of her finding dings. She added to a collection that she told her. She called her curiosities. And then over time, once she collected a number of curiosities and had developed a better understanding of her finds, he realized that lots of them were, in fact, fossils. So at first she was just finding these things and going, Oh, that's interesting. That looks unusual. Oh, that looks unusual too. And because then she collected so many, she was able to start understanding what she was finding, you know, quite amazing really. Most of what she found were called ammonites. These look a bit like snails, snail shells. They were what she encounter as her curiosities. She's also very well known for searching for fossils with her dog tray, so she, her and her dog would go out onto the beach together. And at the age of twelve, Mary and her brother actually discovered the school of an ancient reptian. Ancient reptireptile I can't read today, called an hco osaw hco osai. Think that would be meaning fish lizard. So quite an interesting looking fish here, isn't it? I wonder if I can find a picture that isn't. Et? I'll tune. Well, obviously they will all be cartoons because then, you know, they are extinct. Here we go. I'll show you. So here Oh, it hasn't saved. That's helpful. Here is a picture of a ihiyosafotle in a museum. I can't see anything. Thank you, Andy for being patient so you can see just how much detail that is in this fossil. You know, you can see all of these tiny bones even to like with the scales, the teeth. It's very, very well preserved, isn't it? Yes, Andy. First thing is that it has cracks on its jaws if somebody looks close enough. And as the question, if Mary anding had very little money, how was she able to get a dog? Well, you know, dogs were not expensive like they are these days. Dogs are expensive now because people breed them to be, to look certain ways to be small and fluffy or this color or that color. Our that's why they're expensive now she not all dogs are expensive and especially not in this time you know dogs were very different as they are now Yeah you know being just fed the dog and he left over bits of meat that they didn't eat, you know it wouldn't really cost much money to have a job back in those days was very different. Okay. So this discovery of this fish lizard was actually really big in terms of paleontology and she went on to go on and find many more amazing fossils, including a marine reptile called a plsiosaand, a flying reptile known as a dimorphodon. So lots of amazing fossils being discovered by her. Okay, we are going to do a quick quiz. So what is the best type of rock? What type of rock is best for finding fossils? So if you just click either A, C or d for your answer. Does it be so click your answer and then we'll find out the answer when everybody's answered you to click what you think. Okay, everybody happy. Good. Everybody got the correct answer. Well done. So someone put their hand up. Someone tell me why it's sedimentary. Can anybody remember? I would like it to be someone that isn't Andy, but I feel like any's me answering most of our questions today. So we've all chosen it. Was it just a guess or could we remember why? Maybe if I go back to the slide, this might help you. No. Okay, so it doesn't really say why, so I guess that's kind of fair enough, isn't it? It just kind of says found within sedimentary rock. So Andy, you can tell us why is it sedimentary sedimentary ments get together if the bothere, I won't get too crashed, because if it gets too crushed, it have to be millions of meters deep. Ep, and it's usually on the lake bed. There's no more sediments there to cover it, so just roast away in sedimentary rocks, compact and cool. It's not be hot or too hot or itcause compression. I mean, when hot by day and cool by night, the fossil was slowly correct. So inside it's very cool and it's not that hot. I mean, it's warm. Not and. Water can come together or Tasmanian devils. I mean, there's Tasmanian devils back there. They crunch bones in half. Good. Very good. So Yeah, sedimentary rop is you know it's formed gently building up layers of mud and sand and shells to bury them without exactly too much pressure. The igness rocks are much too hot. The metamorphic rocks, again, too hot, too much pressure. Pressure. Sedimentary is like the Goldilocks of the rock. It's just right for the fossils. Okay, next question. Oops. Which tool is best once fossils are exposed to remove dust? We haven't really talked about this, but you can have a go. And just waiting for one more waiting for you, Andy. Yes, can I say why here? No, you need to, you need to click which answer you think it is. Andy, are you? You haven't picked it yet. I can't see your answer. Okay, thank you. Okay, nearly all of us got this correct. So Ethan, a trowel, maybe we just weren't sure on these words. A trowel is kind of like something that you would use to dig things up with. It's almost like a small spade. You know, you would use it to dig into the ground when the fossil is exposed. You wouldn't want to use the trowel. It would be much too harsh on the fossil. A soft brush would be best. Like you can see in this picture here, it would very carefully brush our tips and brush away the dust. Okay, next one. In what year was Mary annning born? Oh, this is a tricky one. Who can remember answers on the board? It doesn't matter if we get it wrong, doesn't matter, just have a guess. Ethan, did you just look up the answer? Is that why you just disappeared in the lesson? No, you don't need to go and find it on the Internet. Doesn't matter if we get the wrong answer, it's fine. Andy, I'm still waiting for your answer. Okay, just wait a second. Let me think for a while. Okay, I think I got the answer. So I don't want anyone to look on the Internet to find the answer or anything like that. If you're not sure, just guess. Thank you. Right? The answer was c. 1799. You know that we did read this on the PowerPoint here, look, but you know, it was a very small bit of information in lots of information there, but Weldon, William and Esson for getting that correct. Okay, next question. What age was Mary annning when she found the ithiosaore? 16. Hey, what's the point of having this question if we just shout out the answer? Please don't shout out the answer, it might be wrong, and then you might be telling other people the wrong answer. Ethan, is your WiFi okay because we keep leaving the class? Not okay, Derek. I can't see you anymore either. Your camera's been turned off. Okay, it is well, so just you there, William. It's okay. Don't worry. There's meaning, I guess. Okay. All right, that is it for the questions. Okay, okay. So as we move on, we want to think about what fossils are telling us about evolution. So evolution describes the way that living things change over time, and it's a very long time. So evolution does not just happen overnight. It takes a lot, lot, lot, lot, lot longer than that. We are going to you know, the main person to read about when you learn about evolution is Charles Darwin. Yes, Andy. We're looking at evolution backward. I mean, I mean, we can't look into the future. We can only observe the past. So we're not learning about evolution from us. We're learning evolution from the past. It's like when Charles Darwin discovered that on the islands that he still past, there were all species of different birds. Some birds had lots been pered catching fish since there were very near water. And there were lots of some had sharp beets, perfect for grab and barried. Some had long neccatching, high roots on trees. Like this is evolution. So like, like so like one mile. So like an ancestthey first adapt when there's too much sun. And some of them were White, so they died up because they're too much uv. But some of them were blacker, and they survive. And they offspring became can even blacker and blblack black. Like black. When we move to Antarctica, the black people die with the thguys, seem to produce less of this compound, which they gradually turned White. So White, so it became that White people lived in the Arctic, poand, black people lived the equator. So like that. Yeah. Okay. Wow. Amazing that we already know so much, Andy. Thank you. Esstern, could you please read this PowerPoint for us? Read this. Yes, please. Evolution. Revolution discbes the way living things change over of birth first presenpresented his. Theory three theory of neusolution lation, in which he explained that. Else in a special als or. Say greatly in their chair chair. Chry said rest, he said that this wish. Tended to be in competition with each other, and this meet at that, those better suited to their involwe're likely to far better than those less adapt this nature. Terderwin, who presented his. Three sorry of nature. Good, very good. Thank you inn. Okay, so how can fossils you know, tell us things about evolution? Well, Darwin, Charles Darwin stated that characteristics like strength, speed, intelligence and physical appeal make species more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those same traits to their offspring. Over time, these characteristics become more common and the entire species gradually change. So if an you know, if a butterfly is, you know, one butterfly might be more Brown colored and then therefore might fit into the environment better, and the birds can't see them as easily. They won't, not as many of them will get eaten. The butterfly, which is yellow in that environment, might stick out more, and then they get eaten by the birds. So the Brown butterflies stay alive long enough to have babies, and then there's more Brown butterflies. And essentially, that's how evolution is happening over a long, long, long, long time. And we've got a little video which is going to show this to us as well. Amateure evolution is the way that living things have developed and changed over time. Just watch this. All animals within a species are slightly different from each other. But have you ever seen a fella as fast and strong as this? He's a born winner, but it's a tough world out there. It's the reason we don't see the less successful in a species sticking around for too long. Oh, now when our chump had kids, he passed on his successful traits, his long legs and powerful muscles to his children. So only the fittest, though, best adapted, saved. And over millions of years, the different species gradually changed until they've become the horses we see today. And that's how species evolve. There you go. Essentially just a different version of what I've just explained. William has chosen you to read this slide, please. Those has have been in a central part of the puzzle when understanding evolution of this different pieces. Fossils that had been preserved, growing part of prehistoric animal can be used to show what species was like long ago. Early on, tojust can compare this to the same speciover time to see the effect of the evolution. Horses are a perfect example of this. The horse has a single toe on the end of each leg, the hole which make unique the kingdom of animal. However, this has not always been case good. So, you know, horses having these hoves is a good example of evolution. I mean, there's lots of different things you could have a look at, you know, necks and things like this that also can show us the evolution of different animals like horses. Derek, I don't think you've read in a while. Would you like to read this slide for us? What does will do fossitelus about evolution? Fossils of early horses, who's from 33 million ons years ago, review that horses started out with up to four toes, four on to four feet and 300 hundred feet. This had changed 10 million years or later, all three having only three toes. Us, this habit of forces change from the soft wall forest to the firm rail of the open grass line. Horses slowly evolves from having toes to having smaller toes to having only one hoof, which allowed them to run quickly over the new founhabitat. Three, two, twelve. Horse fossils show how horses feet have changed over millions of years. Good. And then here we can see you know, some small buscles actually in someone's hands there. Okay. Right? We've got five minutes. What I want you to do. In the chat box, which is just popped up at the bottom. And I want everybody to please write a short sentence or my keyboard has gone strange there to explain how fossils are formed. You okay, Ethan? Teacher, you okay, are you able to type in the chat box, okay? So when you've written it, if you make sure you Press, Press enter so that I can see your answer. Bones from millions of years ago were buried underneath the ground and formed a fossil. Okay, good. Thank you, Derek. Yeah. So you would just need to say, and. You know maybe which form? Which forms a fossil like that. Which forms. Okay, still waiting for evidence ce's answers. Were. Millions of years ago. Andy, Andy, why are you talking out? I can't of use the voicemail. I mean, I mean my sentence is very long and I like I don't know how to spell, so I'm trying to using the voicemail. Okay. Just going to mute you, Andy, so that if you're doing that, no one else is getting distracted by you, okay? We've got 30s. Can anyone else send their answer before times umup? Okay, we're going to have to stop there because I'm going to have to leave to my next lesson. So maybe if you have time, if you can send me your sentence on the main chat on class in then I can mark it outside of the class because I need to go to my next lesson. The time is up unfortunately. But it was lovely to meet all of you. Thank you for working so hard today and doing such great reading. I will see you all next week when we're going to be looking at a completely new topic. Okay. So thank you very much. Hope you enjoy the rest of your weekend. Bye bye. Thank you. Bye.